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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between context and language. It addresses questions such as What do people really mean when they speak in terms?<br><br>It's a philosophies of practical and [http://ezproxy.cityu.edu.hk/login?url=https://telegra.ph/How-Pragmatic-Rose-To-The-1-Trend-On-Social-Media-09-18 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] 슬롯 팁 ([https://images.google.bi/url?q=https://pinklimit5.werite.net/20-trailblazers-are-leading-the-way-in-free-pragmatic one-time offer]) sensible action. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that one must adhere to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways that language users find meaning from and each with each other. It is often seen as a part or language, however it differs from semantics because pragmatics is focused on what the user is trying to communicate, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has grown quickly in the past few decades. It has been primarily an academic discipline within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as psychology, speech-language pathology,  [https://pediascape.science/wiki/Why_Pragmatic_Free_Trial_Meta_Is_More_Dangerous_Than_You_Thought 프라그마틱 정품] sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its development and growth. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which is focused on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has focused on a broad range of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension as well as request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used diverse methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database used. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, their rank is dependent on the database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top pragmatics authors according to the quantity of their publications. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the users and contexts of language usage instead of focusing on reference grammar, truth, or. It focuses on how one phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that listeners employ to determine if words are meant to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known, long-established one, there is a lot of controversy about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics, while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics alongside phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language since it focuses on the ways in which our ideas about the meaning and uses of language influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a handful of questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it studies how people interpret and use language without necessarily referring back to facts about what was actually said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this research ought to be considered a discipline of its own because it examines how cultural and social influences influence the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. These are issues that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It examines the way human language is used during social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and  프라그마틱 카지노 ([https://nerdgaming.science/wiki/This_Is_The_One_Pragmatic_Slot_Experience_Trick_Every_Person_Should_Be_Aware_Of Https://Nerdgaming.Science]) interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, [http://www.bitspower.com/support/user/brandypoland59 프라그마틱 게임] 슬롯 무료 ([https://bbs.mofang.com.tw/home.php?mod=space&uid=1546117 https://bbs.mofang.com.tw/home.php?mod=space&uid=1546117]) a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intention of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, including cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of words to objects that they could or not denote, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logic implications of uttering a phrase. They believe that semantics is already determining the logical implications of an expression, whereas other pragmatics are determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that the same phrase can have different meanings in different contexts, based on things like indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, and the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is because each culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in various situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this area. The main areas of research are computational and formal pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through language use in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure that is used in the utterance and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a link to other areas of study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a variety of research that is conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the role of lexical features as well as the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatics, one of the major questions is whether it's possible to provide a thorough and systematic explanation of the interplay between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is unclear and that pragmatics and semantics are in fact the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to go back and forth between these two perspectives, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For example certain scholars argue that if an utterance has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, whereas others believe that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is just one of the many ways in which an expression can be understood, and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the full scope of the possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified parses of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It deals with questions such as: What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It differs from idealism which is the belief that one should adhere to their principles no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways that people who speak find meaning from and each with each other. It is often thought of as a component of language, but it differs from semantics in that it concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has grown quickly in the past few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different views on pragmatics that have contributed to its development and growth. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. The lexical and concept perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has been focused on a variety of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension, production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on which database is used. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, but their rankings differ by database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors according to the quantity of their publications. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language use rather than focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It focuses on how one word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also examines the methods that listeners employ to determine if utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known, long-established one, there is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. For example philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have argued that this type of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and [https://bookmarkgenius.com/story17992633/the-next-big-thing-in-pragmatic-free-slot-buff 프라그마틱 홈페이지] 무료 슬롯버프 ([https://pragmatic-korea54308.myparisblog.com/30311688/a-step-by-step-guide-for-choosing-your-pragmatic Going Here]) should be treated as part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy since it examines how our notions of meaning and uses of languages influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>There are a few key issues in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of much of this debate. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it studies how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring back to facts about what was actually said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this research should be considered as an academic discipline since it studies how cultural and social factors influence the meaning and use of language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more depth. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and [https://getsocialsource.com/story3391860/pragmatic-tools-to-ease-your-daily-life-pragmatic-trick-every-individual-should-learn 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intention of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by hearers. Some pragmatics theories have been merged with other disciplines, such as cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also differing opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He argues that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the content of what is said, while far-side focuses on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They claim that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors like ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules about what is acceptable to say in various situations. In some cultures, it's considered polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. Some of the main areas of research are: formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated through language in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics such as syntax, semantics and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in various directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research that addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interaction between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>One of the main issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have a rigorous, systematic account of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined, and that they are the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to debate between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars say that if a statement is interpreted with an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This approach is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the full scope of the interpretive possibilities for an utterance by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and  [https://letsbookmarkit.com/story18038157/how-to-explain-how-to-check-the-authenticity-of-pragmatic-to-a-five-year-old 프라그마틱 정품 확인법] 데모 ([https://socials360.com/story8365285/20-pragmatic-free-trial-websites-that-are-taking-the-internet-by-storm Socials360.Com]) Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted parses of a speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong in comparison to other possible implications.

Latest revision as of 17:41, 24 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It deals with questions such as: What do people mean by the words they use?

It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It differs from idealism which is the belief that one should adhere to their principles no matter what.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the ways that people who speak find meaning from and each with each other. It is often thought of as a component of language, but it differs from semantics in that it concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.

As a field of research the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has grown quickly in the past few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.

There are many different views on pragmatics that have contributed to its development and growth. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. The lexical and concept perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have studied.

The research in pragmatics has been focused on a variety of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension, production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on which database is used. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, but their rankings differ by database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors according to the quantity of their publications. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language use rather than focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It focuses on how one word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also examines the methods that listeners employ to determine if utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known, long-established one, there is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. For example philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have argued that this type of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.

Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and 프라그마틱 홈페이지 무료 슬롯버프 (Going Here) should be treated as part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy since it examines how our notions of meaning and uses of languages influence our theories of how languages work.

There are a few key issues in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of much of this debate. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it studies how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring back to facts about what was actually said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this research should be considered as an academic discipline since it studies how cultural and social factors influence the meaning and use of language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.

The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more depth. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.

What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intention of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by hearers. Some pragmatics theories have been merged with other disciplines, such as cognitive science and philosophy.

There are also differing opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He argues that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the content of what is said, while far-side focuses on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They claim that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors like ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and the expectations of the listener.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules about what is acceptable to say in various situations. In some cultures, it's considered polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. Some of the main areas of research are: formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.

What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated through language in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics such as syntax, semantics and the philosophy of language.

In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in various directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research that addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interaction between language, discourse, and meaning.

One of the main issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have a rigorous, systematic account of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined, and that they are the same thing.

It is not uncommon for scholars to debate between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars say that if a statement is interpreted with an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This approach is often described as "far-side pragmatics".

Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the full scope of the interpretive possibilities for an utterance by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and 프라그마틱 정품 확인법 데모 (Socials360.Com) Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted parses of a speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong in comparison to other possible implications.