20 Trailblazers Setting The Standard In Free Pragmatic: Difference between revisions

From VSt Wiki
mNo edit summary
mNo edit summary
 
(5 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It deals with questions such as What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on the practical and sensible actions. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one should stick to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how language users interact and communicate with one other. It is often thought of as a part of a language, but it is different from semantics since it concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly in the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, however it also influences research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its growth and development. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, [https://bookmarkusers.com/story18133556/how-pragmatic-return-rate-changed-my-life-for-the-better 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁] [https://thefairlist.com/story8299610/an-adventure-back-in-time-a-conversation-with-people-about-pragmatic-game-20-years-ago 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] ([https://free-bookmarking.com/story18362351/14-smart-ways-to-spend-your-left-over-pragmatic-genuine-budget just click free-bookmarking.com]) and the significance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their rankings differ by database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the best pragmatics authors solely by the quantity of their publications. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. For example, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It examines how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also examines the methods that listeners employ to determine whether phrases are intended to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one however,  [https://pageoftoday.com/story3628841/5-laws-anybody-working-in-pragmatic-genuine-should-be-aware-of 라이브 카지노] there is a lot of controversy regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. For example some philosophers have claimed that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be considered as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a part of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered an independent part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology, semantics, etc. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language since it focuses on the ways in which our beliefs about the meaning and uses of language influence our theories about how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a handful of issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without using any data about what is actually being said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that this study should be considered a field in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in greater detail. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of an expression.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It focuses on how the human language is utilized in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, [https://nanobookmarking.com/story18226207/7-simple-secrets-to-totally-rocking-your-pragmatic-site 프라그마틱 무료체험 메타] such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of speakers. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deals with the relation of signs to objects they may or not denote, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said while far-side focuses on the logic implications of a statement. They claim that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already influenced by semantics, while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single utterance could have different meanings based on factors such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules about what is appropriate to say in different situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to keep eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being conducted in this field. There are a variety of areas of research, such as pragmatics that are computational and formal, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of the spoken word and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics like syntax and semantics or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. These include computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. There is a variety of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical elements, the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>One of the main issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to develop an exhaustive, systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear, and that they are the same thing.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to go between these two views and argue that certain events fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For instance some scholars believe that if an utterance has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different view, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which an utterance may be interpreted and that all interpretations are valid. This approach is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine semantic and far-side approaches trying to understand the full range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted interpretations of an speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any, and this is why the exclusiveness implicature is so reliable in comparison to other possible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It addresses questions such as: What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It's in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you must abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users gain meaning from and each one another. It is often thought of as a part of a language, but it is different from semantics since it concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been growing rapidly over the last few decades. It is primarily an academic area of study within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its development and growth. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a broad range topics, such as L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and the significance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It is also applied to cultural and social phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used a variety of methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, but their ranking varies by database. This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors by their number of publications alone. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Grice, Saul, [https://domstil.shop/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율] and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It examines the ways in which one utterance can be understood to mean different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature, which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and long-established one however, there is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, while others argue that this kind of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however, have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language because it deals with the ways that our concepts of the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages work.<br><br>There are a few major aspects of the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate. Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it examines how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This sort of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this field should be considered as an independent discipline since it studies how cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use of language. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence. These are issues that are addressed in greater detail in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment, which are significant pragmatic processes in the sense that they shape the meaning of an expression.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It studies the way that humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of a speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some practical approaches have been put with other disciplines, like cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of words to objects they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that the same phrase can have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because each culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. In certain cultures, [https://chel.garderobim.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 플레이] ([https://auditxp.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=&event2=&event3=&goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ https://auditxp.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=&event2=&event3=&Goto=https://pragmatickr.com/]) it's polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of research include formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated by the language in a context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of the utterance and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of the study of linguistics like semantics and syntax, or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in several different directions that include computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and [https://abc-futaba.com/jump?url=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] [https://glowing.com/external/link?next_url=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 무료] - [https://cruiseinform.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=click_to_call&event2=&event3=&goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ i thought about this], theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interaction between discourse, language, and meaning.<br><br>One of the major issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop an exhaustive, systematic view of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they are the same thing.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is usually a back and forth affair scholars argue that particular instances fall under the umbrella of either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars argue that if a statement has an actual truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement could be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far side methods. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretational possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted interpretations of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and this is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable in comparison to other possible implications.

Latest revision as of 13:25, 26 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It addresses questions such as: What do people mean by the words they use?

It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It's in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you must abide by your principles.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users gain meaning from and each one another. It is often thought of as a part of a language, but it is different from semantics since it concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.

As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been growing rapidly over the last few decades. It is primarily an academic area of study within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its development and growth. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have investigated.

The research in pragmatics has covered a broad range topics, such as L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and the significance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It is also applied to cultural and social phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used a variety of methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, but their ranking varies by database. This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors by their number of publications alone. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Grice, Saul, 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It examines the ways in which one utterance can be understood to mean different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature, which was pioneered by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and long-established one however, there is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, while others argue that this kind of problem should be treated as pragmatic.

Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however, have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language because it deals with the ways that our concepts of the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages work.

There are a few major aspects of the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate. Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it examines how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This sort of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this field should be considered as an independent discipline since it studies how cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use of language. This is called near-side pragmatics.

The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence. These are issues that are addressed in greater detail in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment, which are significant pragmatic processes in the sense that they shape the meaning of an expression.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It studies the way that humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.

Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of a speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some practical approaches have been put with other disciplines, like cognitive science or philosophy.

There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of words to objects they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of the words in context.

Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that the same phrase can have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a word.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because each culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. In certain cultures, 프라그마틱 플레이 (https://auditxp.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=&event2=&event3=&Goto=https://pragmatickr.com/) it's polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of research include formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; clinical and experimental pragmatics.

What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated by the language in a context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of the utterance and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of the study of linguistics like semantics and syntax, or the philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in several different directions that include computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 프라그마틱 무료 - i thought about this, theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interaction between discourse, language, and meaning.

One of the major issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop an exhaustive, systematic view of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they are the same thing.

The debate between these two positions is usually a back and forth affair scholars argue that particular instances fall under the umbrella of either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars argue that if a statement has an actual truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement could be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often described as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far side methods. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretational possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted interpretations of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and this is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable in comparison to other possible implications.