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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context. It deals with questions such as: What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and sensible action. It contrasts with idealism which is the idea that one must adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines the way that language users interact and communicate with each and with each other. It is often viewed as a component of language, although it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics examines what the user intends to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It is primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, however it also influences research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and anthropology.<br><br>There are many different views on pragmatics that have contributed to its development and growth. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which is focused on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that pragmatics researchers have researched.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has been focused on a variety of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension, request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on the database utilized. The US and UK are two of the top producers in the field of pragmatics research. However, their ranking varies depending on the database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely according to the number of publications they have published. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics has led to concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language use rather than focusing on reference grammar,  [https://baidubookmark.com/story17963744/the-reason-pragmatic-is-the-most-wanted-item-in-2024 프라그마틱 슬롯무료] truth, or. It examines the ways that an phrase can be interpreted as meaning different things in different contexts, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that hearers use to determine whether utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known, long-established one There is a lot of controversy about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, [https://reallivesocial.com/story3548859/how-the-10-most-disastrous-pragmatic-korea-mistakes-of-all-time-could-have-been-prevented 프라그마틱 무료] 슬롯 - [https://friendlybookmark.com/story17993847/how-to-make-an-amazing-instagram-video-about-pragmatic-game My Site] - whereas others argue that this kind of issue should be viewed as pragmatic.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a branch of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it examines the way in which our beliefs about the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>There are a few major  [https://binksites.com/story7773505/the-most-popular-pragmatic-slots-return-rate-gurus-are-doing-3-things 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프] 카지노 ([https://tbookmark.com/story17983190/what-the-heck-is-pragmatic-sugar-rush https://Tbookmark.com/]) issues in the study of pragmatics that have fuelled the debate. For instance, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself since it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without referring to any facts about what is actually being said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that the study should be considered a field in its own right since it examines the way the meaning and usage of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is said by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in more in depth. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in the sense that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of a statement.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of language. It studies the way that human language is used during social interaction as well as the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, including cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views about the line between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He says that semantics deals with the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that the same phrase could have different meanings in different contexts, based on things such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. It is because each culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in various situations. In some cultures, it's polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being done in this field. There are many different areas of research, including pragmatics that are computational and formal, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It analyzes the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech than on what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics has a link to other areas of the study of linguistics such as syntax and semantics, or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in various directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a wide variety of research, which focuses on topics such as lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>One of the main issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined and that they are the identical.<br><br>It is not unusual for [https://bookmarkindexing.com/story17981086/how-pragmatic-slots-return-rate-became-the-top-trend-on-social-media 프라그마틱 정품 사이트] scholars to argue between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. For instance certain scholars argue that if a statement has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, whereas other argue that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is just one of the many ways in which an word can be interpreted, and that all interpretations are valid. This is commonly called far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side in an effort to comprehend the entire range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will entertain many possible exhausted parses of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and that is why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong when compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between context and language. It asks questions like: What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It's in opposition to idealism, the belief that you should always stick by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with each and [https://thesocialdelight.com/story3507555/the-reasons-why-pragmatic-free-trial-meta-is-the-most-wanted-item-in-2024 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬] with each other. It is typically thought of as a component of language however, it differs from semantics in that pragmatics looks at what the user is trying to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study, pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been expanding rapidly over the past few decades. It is a linguistics academic field but it has also affected research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology and anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this field. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which focuses on the notion of intention and how it relates to the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It can also be applied to cultural and social phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs according to the database used. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in the field of pragmatics research. However, their position varies depending on the database. This is because pragmatics is a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors based on the number of publications they have published. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature and [https://expressbookmark.com/story18079588/a-look-at-the-myths-and-facts-behind-pragmatic-slots-site 프라그마틱 이미지] politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine whether utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known, long-established one, there is a lot of debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers argue that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics, along with phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways in which our concepts of the meanings and functions of language affect our theories of how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a number of key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not a subject in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language,  [https://bookmarkproduct.com/story18178344/14-savvy-ways-to-spend-leftover-pragmatic-site-budget 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] without referring to any facts about what actually gets said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the subject is a discipline in its own right since it examines the manner in which the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and  [https://pragmatickrcom68877.p2blogs.com/29202855/9-things-your-parents-taught-you-about-free-slot-pragmatic 프라그마틱 슬롯] social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we think about the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is said by an individual speaker in a sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more depth. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in the sense that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance, focuses on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, including philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also different views on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct subjects. He says that semantics deals with the relationship of signs to objects that they could or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of an utterance, while other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same phrase can have different meanings in different contexts, based on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other things that can change the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. It is because every culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. In some cultures, it's acceptable to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this area. Some of the main areas of research include: formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-linguistic and [https://tornadosocial.com/story3497945/why-incorporating-a-word-or-phrase-into-your-life-s-activities-will-make-all-the-difference 프라그마틱 슬롯체험] intercultural pragmatics; pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It examines how the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other linguistics areas, such as syntax, [https://pragmatic19864.blogzet.com/what-is-live-casino-heck-what-exactly-is-live-casino-44628931 프라그마틱 무료스핀] semantics and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. These include computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research that addresses aspects like lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language, and meaning.<br><br>One of the most important questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to provide an exhaustive, systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that pragmatics and semantics are in fact the same thing.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate back and forth between these two views and argue that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For example certain scholars argue that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics. On the other hand, others argue that the fact that an expression may be interpreted in various ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of many possible interpretations, and that they are all valid. This is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and distant side approaches. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of a speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any, and this is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so strong in comparison to other possible implications.

Latest revision as of 11:56, 20 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between context and language. It asks questions like: What do people really think when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It's in opposition to idealism, the belief that you should always stick by your principles.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with each and 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬 with each other. It is typically thought of as a component of language however, it differs from semantics in that pragmatics looks at what the user is trying to convey, not what the actual meaning is.

As a field of study, pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been expanding rapidly over the past few decades. It is a linguistics academic field but it has also affected research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology and anthropology.

There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this field. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which focuses on the notion of intention and how it relates to the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have studied.

The study of pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It can also be applied to cultural and social phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs according to the database used. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in the field of pragmatics research. However, their position varies depending on the database. This is because pragmatics is a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors based on the number of publications they have published. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature and 프라그마틱 이미지 politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine whether utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature which was first developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known, long-established one, there is a lot of debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers argue that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be considered pragmatic.

Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics, along with phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways in which our concepts of the meanings and functions of language affect our theories of how languages function.

This debate has been fueled by a number of key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not a subject in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료 without referring to any facts about what actually gets said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the subject is a discipline in its own right since it examines the manner in which the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and 프라그마틱 슬롯 social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.

Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we think about the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is said by an individual speaker in a sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more depth. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in the sense that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of an utterance.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance, focuses on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, including philosophy and cognitive science.

There are also different views on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct subjects. He says that semantics deals with the relationship of signs to objects that they could or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of the words in context.

Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of an utterance, while other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.

The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same phrase can have different meanings in different contexts, based on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other things that can change the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. It is because every culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. In some cultures, it's acceptable to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this area. Some of the main areas of research include: formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-linguistic and 프라그마틱 슬롯체험 intercultural pragmatics; pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.

How does free Pragmatics compare to explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It examines how the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other linguistics areas, such as syntax, 프라그마틱 무료스핀 semantics and philosophy of language.

In recent years, the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. These include computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research that addresses aspects like lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language, and meaning.

One of the most important questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to provide an exhaustive, systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that pragmatics and semantics are in fact the same thing.

It is not unusual for scholars to debate back and forth between these two views and argue that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For example certain scholars argue that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics. On the other hand, others argue that the fact that an expression may be interpreted in various ways is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of many possible interpretations, and that they are all valid. This is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and distant side approaches. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of a speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any, and this is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so strong in comparison to other possible implications.