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Assessment For ADHD in Adults<br><br>There are numerous tests you can use, whether you're a professional or patient with an interest in adult ADHD. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, Conner's Test, or the Personality Assessment Inventory are some of the most popular. The tests are all available online and easy to administer.<br><br>Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale is an assessment of self-report for ADHD symptoms. It has been deemed an accurate method for ADHD identification. The scale is designed for children, however the results suggest that it could be used by adults with ADHD as well.<br><br>There are several different studies that have investigated the psychometric properties of this assessment. McCann, BS, conducted a study to test the validity of discrimination of the WURS. The internal consistency of the three-factor solution was satisfactory. The solution contained items that described an inattention deficit, defiant behavior and social problems. Another factor had a higher alpha value.<br><br>Similar studies were done using the WURS in Italian. The results showed that there was a correlation between the total score of the WURS and the probability of a diagnosis of mental health issues.<br><br>Researchers also identified the major factors that influence the performance of students and emotional dysregulation. One of these is the disruptive mood and behavior factor, was found to be in a correlation with the academic factor.<br><br>Another important variables is age. Participants who had a WURS score higher than 30 were more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.<br><br>Another interesting result was that the emotional lability assessed by the WURS was a determinant of adult ADHD. Understanding ADHD in adults is possible by understanding the causes of emotional dysregulation.<br><br>Several studies have shown that patients suffering from BP and BPD score higher on the WURS. Adults with GAD/MDD score lower the WURS. However this is not the case. It was interesting to see that females scored higher on the WURS than their male counterparts.<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale, (WURS) is a high diagnostic and screening accuracy. It is [https://www.pdc.edu/?URL=https://posteezy.com/responsible-adhd-assessment-budget-12-tips-how-spend-your-money getting an adhd assessment uk] effective tool to evaluate the possibility of ADHD in adults.<br><br>Adult ADHD Self-Report Scales (ASRS).<br><br>The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale is an approved screening tool for adults suffering from ADHD. It is easy to use and offers accurate results.<br><br>In addition to identifying individuals who suffer from ADHD The ASRS can also assist doctors to determine whether further evaluation is necessary. This testing method is particularly useful in busy primary health care settings.<br><br>The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale is a self-report scale that was created in collaboration with the World Health Organisation. It is not designed to be a diagnostic tool, but to allow adult health professionals to quickly determine the probability of an individual having ADHD.<br><br>The ASRS can be used to determine adult ADHD in people who are seeking disability benefits. It also helps give estimates of the frequency of ADHD in the local community.<br><br>To create the ASRS, a Workgroup on Adult ADHD was established. A questionnaire with 18 questions was developed and used to determine the frequency of occurrence of ADHD symptoms in the previous six months.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 is a powerful screening tool for adults suffering from ADHD in primary care. It is a short and simple questionnaire that can be completed in less than five minutes. It's more sensitive than other screening tests and has a moderate level of specificity.<br><br>One study has found that it could accurately determine about seventy percent of adults suffering from ADHD. It's not a complete test. For example, it only includes six items that have the most likelihood of being predictive for ADHD. Despite its limitations, the ASRS-V1.1 is still an effective screening tool to determine the likelihood of ADHD in adult primary care populations.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 is quick and simple to use. It doesn't impede productivity in the office. Additionally, it offers an efficient, simple and quick method to obtain an official diagnosis.<br><br>Conner's Test<br><br>Conner's Test to evaluate ADHD in adults is one of the most commonly used self-report methods for diagnosing the condition. This is a reliable and highly effective behavioral assessment tool. However, the results of the test may not always be exact. Therefore, it is advised to perform the test under the supervision of a medical health professional.<br><br>A licensed psychologist or mental health professional will assist in diagnosing the disorder. They will review the results with you and suggest a treatment plan. To monitor the progression of your treatment, you can seek the advice of a counselor or therapist. If symptoms persist your doctor may suggest taking a different medication.<br><br>Other tools for testing can be recommended by a medical professional. They include physical exams and tests for attention skills and behavior assessments. Conners 4 is a good choice for a comprehensive assessment. It offers a comprehensive analysis of the symptoms of ADHD and the co-occurring disorders.<br><br>Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scale - Self Report: Long Version is a well-known self-report measure. This test is comprised of eight scales for clinical use that examine the severity of ADHD symptoms. They include impulse control, hyperactivity, and the ability to control impulsivity.<br><br>The longer version includes more subscales than the short version, however only 25 questions are available in the shorter version. Both versions were created to measure ADHD-related behavior children.<br><br>In a study conducted by the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self-Report: Long Version had high discriminant validity and could be used to distinguish patients with ADHD from healthy control subjects. However the percentage of false positives is quite high.<br><br>With these limitations however, the Conner's Test can still be used to measure ADHD. To ensure that you do not miss a diagnosis, discuss the test results with a physician and your therapist.<br><br>Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI).<br><br>The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is a psychopathological assessment tool for adolescents, adults and children. It is made up of 11 clinical measures. This test is used to determine the presence of disorders within three broad categories that include personality, impulse control and psychopathology.<br><br>The PAI has been validated against numerous of the most well-known personality and psychopathology tests. Additionally, it has been translated into Spanish for clients who speak Spanish.<br><br>The PAI-A has been validated against the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form and the NEO-FFI. Additionally, it has been used to diagnose Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in adults.<br><br>The past research has revealed the psychometric strength of a variety of indicators of response distortion in the Personality Assessment Inventory. The current study focused on the negative and positive distortion indicators of the PAI.<br><br>Stepwise regression was applied to find six PAI subscales. These subscales revealed significant differences between ADHD clients and non-ADHD clients. MANOVA was used to further determine the impact of ADHD on these subscales.<br><br>The PAI can be used to assess feigned ADHD in both children and adults. Research has shown that ADHD tests have a high degree of concurrent validity. But, there is little information on [https://writeablog.net/fendercross1/12-companies-leading-the-way-in-adhd-assessment-near-me how to get adhd assessment] to differentiate between genuine and fake ADHD.<br><br>The lack of information regarding the environmental factors that affect the association between ADHD symptoms and borderline traits is another reason. This study aimed to fill the gap in knowledge by investigating the role of environmental factors in the relationship between ADHD and borderline characteristics. This study investigated the connection between ADHD symptoms and borderline traits with the twins of 7,233.<br><br>For the Personality Assessment Inventory, several new validity indicators have been created. They are developed by using logistic regression , and have excellent sensitivity as well as specificity.<br><br>Results<br><br>Adults suffering from ADHD complain of difficulties with concentration and time management. They are often unable to finish projects and complain of poor performance at work. Some have reported having previously been treated with stimulants.<br><br>A thorough assessment of adults suffering from ADHD could include a clinical interview, neuropsychological examination as well as laboratory tests. These tests can provide information about a individual's current symptoms but they are not reliable predictors of future impairment. Additionally, many of these measures are not standardized and therefore subject to bias.<br><br>A family history could be necessary for evaluating ADHD adults. A trained clinician may need a full and detailed medical history as well as a history of substance abuse. Physical examination and mental status examination are also common elements of the examination.<br><br>A patient's history of symptoms is the basis for determining the severity of adult ADHD. This should include an examination of the current symptoms and a thorough evaluation of the patient's medical history and family history.<br><br>The goal of the clinical evaluation should be to establish an impairment. The impairment index of the CPT gives a measure of sensitivity. It is taken from the Full Scale Attention Quotient, the Full Scale Response Control, and the Total [https://www.metooo.io/u/67086fb3ecbdea11896dffc7 adhd assessment cost uk] self assessment test; [https://www.google.com.ai/url?q=http://nutris.net/members/knifewhale8/activity/1970180/ redirected here], summation.<br><br>ADHD is defined by hyperactivity and inattention scores of 6 or greater on the CPT. In addition, a Qb-Score greater than 1.5 is suggested as the threshold to determine if there is [https://maps.google.gg/url?q=https://k12.instructure.com/eportfolios/820606/Home/10_Failing_Answers_To_Common_ADHD_Assessment_Questions_Do_You_Know_Which_Ones? adhd assessment cost uk] in healthy populations.<br><br>The study found that malingerers over compensate for their incompetences. They also scored lower on visual and auditory tasks, leading to lower mean scores on visual tasks. However, they couldn't fake the Visual Focus and Auditory Prudence tests.
Assessment For ADHD in Adults<br><br>There are numerous tests you can take, whether you're a professional, or a patient with an interest in adult ADHD. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, Conner's Test, or the Personality Assessment Inventory are some of the most popular. All of them are available online and are easy to administer.<br><br>Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale is a self-report measure of ADHD symptoms. It has been suggested as a reliable method to determine [https://maps.google.gg/url?q=https://click4r.com/posts/g/18201086/this-is-how-adhd-assessment-london-will-look-in-10-years-time book adhd assessment uk] diagnosis. The scale is designed for children, however the results suggest that it could be used by adults with ADHD too.<br><br>There have been a variety of studies that have studied the psychometric properties. McCann, BS conducted a study to determine the validity of discrimination for the WURS. A three-factor solution was developed with satisfactory internal consistency. This solution comprised items that discussed defiant behavior and inattentiveness as well as social issues. Another factor was discovered to have higher alpha coefficient.<br><br>Similar studies were conducted using an Italian version of the WURS. The results showed a correlation between the total score of the WURS and the likelihood that a mental illness will be diagnosed.<br><br>Researchers also identified the major factors that affect school performance and emotional dysregulation. The Academic factor was also related to one of these factors, which is the disruptive behavior and mood factor.<br><br>Age is another significant factor. People with a score above 30 on the WURS were more likely to have an ADHD diagnosis.<br><br>Another interesting finding was WURS's assessment of emotional lability which was a predictor of adult ADHD. Understanding ADHD in adults is possible through understanding emotional dysregulation.<br><br>Numerous studies have shown that those suffering from BP or BPD have higher scores on the WURS. Adults who suffer from GAD/MDD have lower scores on the WURS. However this isn't the case. The results showed that females had an advantage on the WURS than males.<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale, (WURS) is a highly accurate diagnostic and screening accuracy. This makes it [https://jszst.com.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=4383002 getting an adhd assessment uk] effective instrument for assessing the possibility of ADHD in adults.<br><br>Adult ADHD Self-Report Scales (ASRS).<br><br>The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale is an approved screening tool for adults with ADHD. It is simple to use and offers accurate results.<br><br>In addition to identifying individuals who suffer from ADHD In addition to identifying people with ADHD, the ASRS can also aid physicians in determining if further evaluation is necessary. This testing method is particularly useful for busy primary health care settings.<br><br>The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale is self-reporting scale that was created in conjunction with the World Health Organisation. It's not designed to be a diagnostic tool but rather to make it easy for health professionals working with adults to determine the likelihood that the person has ADHD.<br><br>The ASRS can be used to confirm adult ADHD in those who apply for disability benefits. It can also estimate the prevalence of ADHD in the community.<br><br>A Workgroup on Adult ADHD was established to develop the ASRS. To determine ADHD symptoms' frequency over the past six months, a survey with 18 questions was created.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 is an assessment tool that can be used to detect people with [https://zzb.bz/znDQ1 adhd assessment uk free] in primary healthcare. It's a simple and short questionnaire that can be completed within five minutes or less. When compared to other screening tests, it has moderate specificity and high sensitivity.<br><br>One study found that it is able to accurately detect around seventy percent of adults with ADHD. It's not a complete measure. It only includes six items that have the most potential for predicting ADHD. Despite its shortcomings ASRS V1.1 is still a good screening tool to evaluate ADHD risk in adults in primary care.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 is simple and quick to use. It doesn't hinder productivity in offices. It offers a quick easy, quick, and simple way to [http://yxhsm.net/home.php?mod=space&uid=431411 How Do I Get Assessed For Adhd] an official diagnosis.<br><br>Conner's Test<br><br>Conner's Test to determine ADHD in adults is one of the most commonly used self-reporting methods to diagnose the condition. It is a reliable and highly effective behavioral assessment tool. The test's results might not always be 100% accurate. It is suggested that you use the test under the supervision of a doctor.<br><br>A licensed psychologist or mental health professional can help determine the cause of the disorder. They will go over the results with you and suggest the best treatment program. You can also seek the help of a therapist or counselor to track the progress of your treatment. If symptoms continue to persist the doctor may decide to prescribe other medications.<br><br>Other testing tools can also be suggested by a doctor. They include physical exams as well as attention tests and behavior assessments. Conners 4 is a good option for a comprehensive evaluation. It provides an in-depth analysis of the symptoms of ADHD and co-occurring disorders.<br><br>Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scale - Self Report: Long Version is a well-known self-reporting measure. The test includes eight clinical scales that assess specific ADHD symptoms. These include hyperactivity, impulse control, and the ability to control impulsivity.<br><br>The long version has more subscales than the shorter version, but only 25 questions are offered in the shorter version. Both versions were created to follow up on the behavior of children with ADHD.<br><br>The Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale Self-Report Long Version has demonstrated high discriminant validity in the course of a study. This indicates that it is suitable to distinguish ADHD patients from healthy control subjects. However, false positives are high.<br><br>The limitations aside of course, the Conner's Test can still be used to evaluate ADHD. To avoid misdiagnosis, you should discuss the results of the test with a physician and your therapist.<br><br>Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)<br><br>The Personality Assessment Inventory is a psychopathological assessment tool for children, adolescents and adults. It is constructed from 11 clinical tests. This assessment is used to identify disorders in three broad categories such as impulse control, personality and psychopathology.<br><br>The PAI has been validated against a variety of the most widely used tests of personality and psychopathology. It has also been translated into Spanish to help clients who speak Spanish.<br><br>The PAI-A has been validated against the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form and the NEO-FFI. Additionally, it has been used to diagnose Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in adults.<br><br>Previous research has shown the superior psychometric properties of several indicators of response distortion in the Personality Assessment Inventory. The current study looked at the positive and negative distortion indicators of the PAI.<br><br>Six PAI subscales were identified by stepwise regression. These subscales revealed significant differences between ADHD clients and non-ADHD clients. The subscales were further studied using MANOVA.<br><br>The PAI can be used to determine if there is the presence of ADHD in both adults and children. Studies have shown that ADHD tests have a high degree of concurrent validity. However, there is still not enough information to differentiate genuine from fake ADHD.<br><br>Lack of knowledge about the environmental factors that influence the relationship between [https://wifidb.science/wiki/15_Assessed_For_ADHD_Benefits_Everybody_Must_Know psychiatry-uk adhd assessment] symptoms and borderline traits is an additional reason. To fill this gap in knowledge the current study investigated the environmental factors in the relationship between borderline traits and ADHD. Utilizing a sample of 7,233 twins, the study examined the relationship between borderline traits and ADHD symptoms.<br><br>Numerous new validity indicators were created for the Personality Assessment Inventory. They were developed through logistic regression and possess high sensitivity as well as specificity.<br><br>Results<br><br>Adults with ADHD experience difficulties with their concentration and time management. They are often unable to finish projects and complain of poor performance at work. Some have reported that they had previously been treated with stimulants.<br><br>A psycho-psychological interview, a clinical exam, laboratory tests and a laboratory test may all be part of an assessment for adults suffering from ADHD. These instruments may provide information regarding the current symptoms of an individual, however they cannot predict future impairment. Additionally, many of these measures are not standardized and therefore susceptible to bias.<br><br>An evaluation of adults with ADHD could also include the family history. A skilled clinician can collect a detailed account of psychiatric complications and a history of substance abuse. A physical exam and mental status examination are other common elements of the assessment.<br><br>The diagnosis of adult ADHD is based on a patient's history of symptoms. This should include a thorough review of current symptoms as well in a medical assessment of the patient's medical and familial history.<br><br>The objective of the clinical evaluation should be to determine whether there is an impairment. The impairment index of the CPT provides a measure of the sensitivity. It is calculated from the Full Scale Attention Quotient, the Full Scale Response Control, and the Total ADHD summation.<br><br>Hyperactivity and inattention scores of 6 or higher on the CPT are considered to be a sign of ADHD. A Qb-Score of 1.5 for healthy individuals is suggested as the threshold to determine ADHD.<br><br>The study found that malingerers over compensate for their incompetences. They also scored lower on visual tasks and auditory tasks, which led to lower visual mean scores. They could not pass the Auditory Prudence and Visual Focus tests.

Latest revision as of 07:01, 3 January 2025

Assessment For ADHD in Adults

There are numerous tests you can take, whether you're a professional, or a patient with an interest in adult ADHD. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, Conner's Test, or the Personality Assessment Inventory are some of the most popular. All of them are available online and are easy to administer.

Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)

The Wender Utah Rating Scale is a self-report measure of ADHD symptoms. It has been suggested as a reliable method to determine book adhd assessment uk diagnosis. The scale is designed for children, however the results suggest that it could be used by adults with ADHD too.

There have been a variety of studies that have studied the psychometric properties. McCann, BS conducted a study to determine the validity of discrimination for the WURS. A three-factor solution was developed with satisfactory internal consistency. This solution comprised items that discussed defiant behavior and inattentiveness as well as social issues. Another factor was discovered to have higher alpha coefficient.

Similar studies were conducted using an Italian version of the WURS. The results showed a correlation between the total score of the WURS and the likelihood that a mental illness will be diagnosed.

Researchers also identified the major factors that affect school performance and emotional dysregulation. The Academic factor was also related to one of these factors, which is the disruptive behavior and mood factor.

Age is another significant factor. People with a score above 30 on the WURS were more likely to have an ADHD diagnosis.

Another interesting finding was WURS's assessment of emotional lability which was a predictor of adult ADHD. Understanding ADHD in adults is possible through understanding emotional dysregulation.

Numerous studies have shown that those suffering from BP or BPD have higher scores on the WURS. Adults who suffer from GAD/MDD have lower scores on the WURS. However this isn't the case. The results showed that females had an advantage on the WURS than males.

The Wender Utah Rating Scale, (WURS) is a highly accurate diagnostic and screening accuracy. This makes it getting an adhd assessment uk effective instrument for assessing the possibility of ADHD in adults.

Adult ADHD Self-Report Scales (ASRS).

The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale is an approved screening tool for adults with ADHD. It is simple to use and offers accurate results.

In addition to identifying individuals who suffer from ADHD In addition to identifying people with ADHD, the ASRS can also aid physicians in determining if further evaluation is necessary. This testing method is particularly useful for busy primary health care settings.

The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale is self-reporting scale that was created in conjunction with the World Health Organisation. It's not designed to be a diagnostic tool but rather to make it easy for health professionals working with adults to determine the likelihood that the person has ADHD.

The ASRS can be used to confirm adult ADHD in those who apply for disability benefits. It can also estimate the prevalence of ADHD in the community.

A Workgroup on Adult ADHD was established to develop the ASRS. To determine ADHD symptoms' frequency over the past six months, a survey with 18 questions was created.

ASRS-V1.1 is an assessment tool that can be used to detect people with adhd assessment uk free in primary healthcare. It's a simple and short questionnaire that can be completed within five minutes or less. When compared to other screening tests, it has moderate specificity and high sensitivity.

One study found that it is able to accurately detect around seventy percent of adults with ADHD. It's not a complete measure. It only includes six items that have the most potential for predicting ADHD. Despite its shortcomings ASRS V1.1 is still a good screening tool to evaluate ADHD risk in adults in primary care.

ASRS-V1.1 is simple and quick to use. It doesn't hinder productivity in offices. It offers a quick easy, quick, and simple way to How Do I Get Assessed For Adhd an official diagnosis.

Conner's Test

Conner's Test to determine ADHD in adults is one of the most commonly used self-reporting methods to diagnose the condition. It is a reliable and highly effective behavioral assessment tool. The test's results might not always be 100% accurate. It is suggested that you use the test under the supervision of a doctor.

A licensed psychologist or mental health professional can help determine the cause of the disorder. They will go over the results with you and suggest the best treatment program. You can also seek the help of a therapist or counselor to track the progress of your treatment. If symptoms continue to persist the doctor may decide to prescribe other medications.

Other testing tools can also be suggested by a doctor. They include physical exams as well as attention tests and behavior assessments. Conners 4 is a good option for a comprehensive evaluation. It provides an in-depth analysis of the symptoms of ADHD and co-occurring disorders.

Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scale - Self Report: Long Version is a well-known self-reporting measure. The test includes eight clinical scales that assess specific ADHD symptoms. These include hyperactivity, impulse control, and the ability to control impulsivity.

The long version has more subscales than the shorter version, but only 25 questions are offered in the shorter version. Both versions were created to follow up on the behavior of children with ADHD.

The Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale Self-Report Long Version has demonstrated high discriminant validity in the course of a study. This indicates that it is suitable to distinguish ADHD patients from healthy control subjects. However, false positives are high.

The limitations aside of course, the Conner's Test can still be used to evaluate ADHD. To avoid misdiagnosis, you should discuss the results of the test with a physician and your therapist.

Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)

The Personality Assessment Inventory is a psychopathological assessment tool for children, adolescents and adults. It is constructed from 11 clinical tests. This assessment is used to identify disorders in three broad categories such as impulse control, personality and psychopathology.

The PAI has been validated against a variety of the most widely used tests of personality and psychopathology. It has also been translated into Spanish to help clients who speak Spanish.

The PAI-A has been validated against the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form and the NEO-FFI. Additionally, it has been used to diagnose Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in adults.

Previous research has shown the superior psychometric properties of several indicators of response distortion in the Personality Assessment Inventory. The current study looked at the positive and negative distortion indicators of the PAI.

Six PAI subscales were identified by stepwise regression. These subscales revealed significant differences between ADHD clients and non-ADHD clients. The subscales were further studied using MANOVA.

The PAI can be used to determine if there is the presence of ADHD in both adults and children. Studies have shown that ADHD tests have a high degree of concurrent validity. However, there is still not enough information to differentiate genuine from fake ADHD.

Lack of knowledge about the environmental factors that influence the relationship between psychiatry-uk adhd assessment symptoms and borderline traits is an additional reason. To fill this gap in knowledge the current study investigated the environmental factors in the relationship between borderline traits and ADHD. Utilizing a sample of 7,233 twins, the study examined the relationship between borderline traits and ADHD symptoms.

Numerous new validity indicators were created for the Personality Assessment Inventory. They were developed through logistic regression and possess high sensitivity as well as specificity.

Results

Adults with ADHD experience difficulties with their concentration and time management. They are often unable to finish projects and complain of poor performance at work. Some have reported that they had previously been treated with stimulants.

A psycho-psychological interview, a clinical exam, laboratory tests and a laboratory test may all be part of an assessment for adults suffering from ADHD. These instruments may provide information regarding the current symptoms of an individual, however they cannot predict future impairment. Additionally, many of these measures are not standardized and therefore susceptible to bias.

An evaluation of adults with ADHD could also include the family history. A skilled clinician can collect a detailed account of psychiatric complications and a history of substance abuse. A physical exam and mental status examination are other common elements of the assessment.

The diagnosis of adult ADHD is based on a patient's history of symptoms. This should include a thorough review of current symptoms as well in a medical assessment of the patient's medical and familial history.

The objective of the clinical evaluation should be to determine whether there is an impairment. The impairment index of the CPT provides a measure of the sensitivity. It is calculated from the Full Scale Attention Quotient, the Full Scale Response Control, and the Total ADHD summation.

Hyperactivity and inattention scores of 6 or higher on the CPT are considered to be a sign of ADHD. A Qb-Score of 1.5 for healthy individuals is suggested as the threshold to determine ADHD.

The study found that malingerers over compensate for their incompetences. They also scored lower on visual tasks and auditory tasks, which led to lower visual mean scores. They could not pass the Auditory Prudence and Visual Focus tests.