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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the relationship between language and context. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they speak in terms?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on sensible and practical actions. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one should adhere to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with one other. It is often viewed as a part of language however, it differs from semantics in that pragmatics studies what the user wants to convey, not what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research field it is comparatively new and research in the area has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It is a linguistics academic field but it has also had an impact on research in other fields like sociolinguistics, psychology, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its development and growth. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics that focuses on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a broad range of subjects, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has also been applied to cultural and social phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different according to the database used. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, however their rankings differ by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely by the number of their publications. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, [https://jszst.com.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=4220284 프라그마틱 정품] [http://www.e10100.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1677277 프라그마틱 슬롯무료] ([https://images.google.co.il/url?q=https://svenstrup-cameron-2.thoughtlanes.net/24-hours-for-improving-pragmatic-authenticity-verification-1726633107 https://images.google.co.Il/url?q=https://Svenstrup-cameron-2.thoughtlanes.net/24-hours-for-improving-pragmatic-authenticity-verification-1726633107]) for example, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on how one utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine which words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature, pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear where they should be drawn. For instance philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have argued that this type of thing should be considered as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics, along with phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however, have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language since it examines the ways in which our beliefs about the meanings and functions of language affect our theories of how languages function.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested, for example, that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it examines how people interpret and use language without necessarily referring back to facts about what was actually said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this research should be considered a discipline of its own because it examines how cultural and social influences influence the meaning and usage of language. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics are the ways in which we understand the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being said by an individual speaker in a sentence. These are topics that are addressed in greater detail in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of an expression.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of a language. It evaluates how human language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics,  [https://pediascape.science/wiki/The_Sage_Advice_On_Pragmatic_Product_Authentication_From_An_Older_FiveYearOld 프라그마틱 무료스핀] focus on the communication intention of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of words by hearers. Some practical approaches have been put together with other disciplines such as cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also different views about the line between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He says that semantics deal with the relationship of signs to objects which they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in an utterance is already determined by semantics, while the rest is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same utterance could have different meanings in different contexts, based on things like indexicality and ambiguity. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. It is because each culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. For example,  [http://www.ksye.cn/space/uid-262662.html 프라그마틱 정품] 슬롯 하는법 ([https://postheaven.net/beamturtle6/what-are-the-reasons-you-should-be-focusing-on-making-improvements-in mouse click the next article]) it is polite in some cultures to look at each other but it is considered rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of research are: formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It analyzes the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs affect the interpretation, with less attention paid to grammaral characteristics of the expression than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is closely related to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in several different directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research in these areas, addressing topics like the importance of lexical characteristics, the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to provide a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that pragmatics and semantics are in fact the same thing.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is often a back and forth affair, with scholars arguing that particular phenomena fall under the umbrella of either pragmatics or semantics. For instance certain scholars argue that if a statement has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different approach, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one of many ways that the expression can be understood and that all interpretations are valid. This is sometimes referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side methods. It attempts to represent the entire range of interpretive possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted parses of a speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so strong when compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context. It addresses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It's in opposition to idealism, which is the belief that you should always stick by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users interact and communicate with one with one another. It is often viewed as a part of language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics studies what the user is trying to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics academic field but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its development and growth. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These views have contributed to the variety of subjects that pragmatics researchers have studied.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and the significance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors based on their publications only. It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on how one utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if phrases have a message. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one, there is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. For instance some philosophers have claimed that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics, while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its own right and should be treated as an independent part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and more. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with how our ideas about the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a few key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, without referring to any facts about what actually gets said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the study is a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and usage of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in greater depth. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that help shape the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It studies the way that human language is used during social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is focused on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Some practical approaches have been put with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also different views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of words to objects which they may or not denote, while pragmatics deals with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that semantics determines certain aspects of the meaning of a statement, whereas other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that a single utterance may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse,  [https://86.staikudrik.com/index/d1?an&aurl=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 추천] 슬롯 [https://sociologos.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 무료체험 메타] [[http://stankov.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ the advantage]] speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because every culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in different situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to keep eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. There are many different areas of research, such as computational and formal pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It examines the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research conducted in these areas, [https://sk-pobeda.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 라이브 카지노] with a focus on topics such as the role of lexical features as well as the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to have an exhaustive, systematic view of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and [https://atlas-stt.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=click_to_call&event2=&event3=&goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] ([https://diamed-clinic.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ diamed-Clinic.Ru]) semantics is unclear and that semantics and pragmatics are really the identical.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is usually a tussle and scholars arguing that particular instances are a part of semantics or pragmatics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an expression has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, whereas others argue that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is only one of many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This method is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted interpretations of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and this is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable in comparison to other possible implications.

Latest revision as of 14:25, 7 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context. It addresses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It's in opposition to idealism, which is the belief that you should always stick by your principles.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users interact and communicate with one with one another. It is often viewed as a part of language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics studies what the user is trying to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.

As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics academic field but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and the field of anthropology.

There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its development and growth. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These views have contributed to the variety of subjects that pragmatics researchers have studied.

The research in pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and the significance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors based on their publications only. It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of the field of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on how one utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if phrases have a message. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one, there is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. For instance some philosophers have claimed that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics, while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.

Another issue is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its own right and should be treated as an independent part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and more. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with how our ideas about the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages work.

This debate has been fueled by a few key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, without referring to any facts about what actually gets said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the study is a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and usage of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in greater depth. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that help shape the overall meaning an utterance.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It studies the way that human language is used during social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics.

Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is focused on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Some practical approaches have been put with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.

There are also different views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of words to objects which they may or not denote, while pragmatics deals with the use of words in context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that semantics determines certain aspects of the meaning of a statement, whereas other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that a single utterance may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, 프라그마틱 추천 슬롯 프라그마틱 무료체험 메타 [the advantage] speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because every culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in different situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to keep eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. There are many different areas of research, such as computational and formal pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It examines the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or philosophy of language.

In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research conducted in these areas, 라이브 카지노 with a focus on topics such as the role of lexical features as well as the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the most important issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to have an exhaustive, systematic view of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 (diamed-Clinic.Ru) semantics is unclear and that semantics and pragmatics are really the identical.

The debate between these two positions is usually a tussle and scholars arguing that particular instances are a part of semantics or pragmatics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an expression has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, whereas others argue that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is only one of many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This method is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".

Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted interpretations of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and this is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable in comparison to other possible implications.