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Assessment For ADHD in Adults<br><br>There are many tests that you can use regardless of whether you're a professional or a patient with an interest in adult [https://socialbookmark.stream/story.php?title=10-misconceptions-that-your-boss-may-have-concerning-adhd-assessment-7 psychiatry-uk adhd assessment]. Some of the most popular ones include the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), the Conner's Test, and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). All of these are accessible online and are easy to administer.<br><br>Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale is a self-report measure of ADHD symptoms. It has been suggested as a sensitive method for ADHD diagnosis. The scale is intended for children, however the results suggest that it could be used by adults who suffer from ADHD as well.<br><br>There have been a variety of studies that have studied the psychometric properties. McCann, BS conducted a study to determine the discriminant validity for the WURS. The internal consistency of the three-factor solution was satisfactory. The solution was based on items that outlined defiant behavior and inattentiveness as well as social problems. Another factor was found to have higher alpha coefficient.<br><br>Similar studies were conducted with an Italian version of the WURS. Results showed an association between the overall score of the WURS and the possibility of a diagnosis of mental health disorders.<br><br>Researchers also identified the main factors that influence school performance as well as emotional dysregulation. One of these factorsis the disruptive mood and behavior issue, was associated with the Academic factor.<br><br>Another significant factors is age. Participants with a total score greater than 30 on the questionnaire were more likely to have a diagnosed ADHD diagnosis.<br><br>Another interesting result was the measurement of emotional lability in the WURS, which was a predictor for adult ADHD. Emotional dysregulation is essential for understanding how ADHD develops in adults.<br><br>Numerous studies have demonstrated that patients suffering from BP and BPD score higher on the WURS. However, the same is not true of those suffering from GAD/MDD. It was interesting to see that females scored higher on WURS than their male counterparts.<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale, (WURS) is a high diagnostic and screening accuracy. It is a powerful tool to assess the potential for ADHD in adults.<br><br>Adult ADHD Self-Report Scales (ASRS).<br><br>The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale is a validated screening tool that is suitable for adults suffering from ADHD. It's easy to administer , and provides accurate results.<br><br>In addition to identifying those who suffer from ADHD The ASRS can also assist doctors to determine if further evaluation is required. This testing method is especially useful for busy primary care settings.<br><br>The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale was developed in collaboration with the World Health Organisation. It is not designed to be a diagnostic tool but to enable adult health care providers to quickly determine the probability of an individual suffering from ADHD.<br><br>The ASRS has been used to confirm the presence of adult ADHD when evaluating applicants for disability services. It can also be used to determine the prevalence of ADHD within the general population.<br><br>To develop the ASRS, a Workgroup on Adult ADHD was established. A questionnaire containing 18 questions was developed and used to measure the frequency of occurrence of ADHD symptoms over the past six months.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 is a reliable screening tool for adults with [https://opensourcebridge.science/wiki/Where_Can_You_Find_The_Best_Assessment_For_ADHD_Information free adhd assessment uk] in primary care. It is a fast and simple test that can be completed in less than five minutes. It's more sensitive than other screening tests and has moderate specificity.<br><br>One study has found that it could accurately identify about seventy percent of adults with ADHD. But it's not a comprehensive measure. It's only comprised of six items that have the highest likelihood of being predictive for ADHD. Despite its shortcomings, the ASRS-V1.1 is still an effective screening tool to assess the likelihood of ADHD in adult primary care populations.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 requires only a few seconds to complete and does not hinder productivity in the workplace. It also provides an efficient, simple and quick route to a diagnosis.<br><br>Conner's Test<br><br>Conner's Test for the assessment of ADHD in adults is among the most sought-after self-report tests for diagnosing the condition. It is a reliable and efficient tool for behavioral assessment. However, the results of the test may not always be precise. It is recommended that you take the test only under the supervision of a physician.<br><br>A licensed psychologist or mental health professional will help diagnose the problem. They will discuss the results with you and recommend the best treatment plan. To track the development of your treatment you may seek the help of a therapist or counselor. If symptoms continue to persist your doctor may suggest taking a different medication.<br><br>A doctor can also recommend the use of other test tools. These include physical exams, attention skill tests, and behavioral assessments. For a thorough examination, Conners 4 is a great choice. It provides a thorough analysis of ADHD symptoms and co-occurring disorders.<br><br>The Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self Report: Long Version is a well-known self-report instrument. This test is comprised of eight clinical scales that examine the severity of ADHD symptoms. They include impulse control, hyperactivity, and the ability to focus.<br><br>The long version has more subscales than the shorter version, however only 25 questions are offered in the shorter version. Both versions were created to study the behavior of children with book adhd assessment uk ([https://marvelvsdc.faith/wiki/20_Resources_To_Make_You_More_Efficient_With_ADHD_Assessment marvelvsdc.faith]).<br><br>In one study conducted by the Conners Adult [http://zaday-vopros.ru/user/ageviola85 adhd assessment liverpool] Rating Scale-Self-Report: Long Version had a high degree of discriminant validity, indicating that it can be used to distinguish patients with ADHD from healthy control subjects. However false positives are very high.<br><br>Considering these limitations In spite of these limitations, it is still safe to take the Conner's Test for assessment of [https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/pYZLak cheap adhd assessment]. It is recommended to discuss the results with your physician and therapist to avoid mistaken diagnosis.<br><br>Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI).<br><br>The Personality Assessment Inventory is a psychopathological assessment instrument for adolescents, children, and adults. It is derived from 11 clinical measures. This test is used to diagnose disorders that fall into three broad categories that include the areas of impulse control, personality and psychopathology.<br><br>The PAI has been validated against a variety of the most well-known psychopathology and personality tests. It has also been translated into Spanish to help clients who speak Spanish.<br><br>The PAI-A has been validated against the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form and the NEO-FFI. Additionally, it has been used to diagnose Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in adults.<br><br>The past research has revealed the strong psychometric properties of a variety of indicators of response distortion in the Personality Assessment Inventory. The current study focused on the positive and negative distortion indicators in the PAI.<br><br>Six PAI subscales were identified using stepwise regression. These subscales showed significant differences between ADHD clients and non-ADHD clients. MANOVA was used to further determine the effects of ADHD on these subscales.<br><br>The PAI can be used to measure feigned ADHD in both adults and children. Research has demonstrated that ADHD tests have good concurrent validity. However, there is little information on how to differentiate between fake and genuine ADHD.<br><br>Additionally, little is known about the contribution of environmental factors to the connection between borderline and ADHD symptoms. This study sought to fill in this gap by studying the role of environmental factors in determining the relationship between ADHD and borderline traits. Utilizing a sample of 7,233 twins study examined the correlations between borderline traits and ADHD symptoms.<br><br>For the Personality Assessment Inventory, several new validity indicators have been developed. They are created from logistic regression and showed excellent sensitivity and specificity.<br><br>Results<br><br>Adults suffering from ADHD have issues with concentration and time management. They also complain about low performance at work and are more likely to abandon their work. Some have claimed that they've received stimulant treatment in the past.<br><br>A neuropsychological examination, laboratory tests and a laboratory test can all be part of an assessment for adults with ADHD. These instruments are able to provide information on a individual's current symptoms but they're not reliable predictors of future impairment. Moreover, many of these measures are unstandardized and therefore subject to bias.<br><br>An evaluation of adults with ADHD might also require a family history. A qualified clinician could obtain a detailed history of psychiatric disorders and the history of abuse of substances. A physical examination and a mental status examination are other common elements of the assessment.<br><br>A patient's history of symptoms is the primary basis for determining the severity of adult ADHD. This should include an examination of the symptoms that are present and a medical evaluation of the patient's medical history and family history.<br><br>The clinical assessment should focus on the identification of an impairment. The CPT impairment index provides an indicator of the sensitivity. It is taken from the Full Scale Attention Quotient, the Full Scale Response Control, and the Total ADHD summation.<br><br>ADHD is characterized by hyperactivity and inattention scores of 6 or greater on the CPT. A Qb-Score of 1.5 is recommended as the minimum threshold for a diagnosis of ADHD in healthy populations.<br><br>The study revealed that malingerers over compensate for their skill deficits. This is why they had lower mean visual scores in both visual and auditory tasks. However, they were not able to duplicate the Visual Focus and Auditory Prudence tests.
Assessment For ADHD in Adults<br><br>Whether you're medical professional or someone who wants to learn more about adult ADHD There are many tests you can choose from. Some of the most well-known ones include the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) as well as the Conner's Test, and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). The tests are all available online and simple to administer.<br><br>Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale is self-report measurement of ADHD symptoms. It has been suggested as a reliable method to determine ADHD diagnosis. While the scale was created to be used with children, the findings suggest that it can be a valuable tool for adults with ADHD.<br><br>There are numerous studies that have looked into the psychometric properties of this assessment. McCann, BS conducted a study to determine the discriminant validity for the WURS. A three-factor solution was developed with a satisfactory internal consistency. The solution was based on items that described defiant behaviour and inattention as well as social issues. Another factor was discovered to have an alpha coefficient that was higher.<br><br>Similar studies were conducted using the WURS in Italian. The results showed a correlation between the total score of the WURS and the possibility that a mental disorder could be diagnosed.<br><br>Researchers also identified the primary factors that impact school performance and emotional dysregulation. One of these variables, the disruptive mood and behavior, is correlated with the Academic factor.<br><br>Another important factors is age. Participants with a total score greater than 30 on the questionnaire were more likely to have a diagnosed ADHD diagnosis.<br><br>Another interesting result was that the emotional lability measured by the WURS was a predictor of adult ADHD. Emotional dysregulation is essential for understanding [https://www.demilked.com/author/temperspoon0/ how to get assessed for adhd uk] ADHD develops in adults.<br><br>Numerous studies have proven that patients with BP and BPD score higher on the WURS. Adults with MDD or GAD score lower on the WURS. However this is not the case. Interestingly, females had an improved score on the WURS than males.<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale, (WURS), has high diagnostic and screening accuracy. This makes it an effective instrument for assessing the possibility of ADHD in adults.<br><br>Adult ADHD Self-Report Scales (ASRS).<br><br>The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) is a validated screening test for adults with ADHD. It is easy to use and provides precise results.<br><br>As well as identifying individuals who suffer from ADHD, the ASRS can also help physicians to determine if further evaluation is required. This is particularly useful in primary care settings that are busy.<br><br>The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale was created in collaboration with the World Health Organisation. It was not intended to be a diagnostic tool, but to enable adult health care providers to quickly determine the probability of an individual having ADHD.<br><br>The ASRS has been used to confirm the presence of adult ADHD when evaluating applicants for disability services. It also helps provide estimates of the prevalence of Book Adhd Assessment Uk, [https://shenasname.ir/ask/user/brushpantry7 Https://Shenasname.Ir/Ask/User/Brushpantry7], in the local community.<br><br>A Workgroup on Adult ADHD was formed to develop the ASRS. A questionnaire containing 18 questions was developed . It was used to assess the frequency of the occurrence of ADHD symptoms in the previous six months.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 is a screening tool that can be used to identify patients with ADHD in primary healthcare. It is a simple and easy questionnaire that can be completed in less than five minutes. It is more sensitive than other screening tests and has moderate precision.<br><br>One study found that it is able to accurately identify around seventy percent adults with ADHD. However, it's not a complete measure. For example it only contains six items that have the most potential for predictive value for ADHD. Despite its flaws, the ASRS V1.1 is still a great screening tool for assessing ADHD risk in adult primary care patients.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 is a matter of a few seconds to complete and does not hinder productivity at the office. Additionally, it offers an easy, quick and efficient way to get an official diagnosis.<br><br>Conner's Test<br><br>Conner's Test to measure ADHD in adults is one of the most popular self-reporting methods to diagnose the condition. It is a reliable and highly effective behavioral assessment instrument. However, the results of the test may not always be 100% accurate. It is recommended to perform the test only under the supervision of a doctor.<br><br>A licensed psychologist or mental health professional will help you identify the problem. They will discuss the results with you and suggest a treatment program. To monitor the progression of your treatment, you can seek the advice from a therapist or counselor. If symptoms continue to persist the doctor may decide to prescribe other medications.<br><br>Other testing tools could be suggested by a physician. They include physical examinations, attention skill tests, and behavioral assessments. Conners 4 is a good choice for a comprehensive test. It provides a thorough analysis of the symptoms of ADHD and the co-occurring disorders.<br><br>The Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self Report Long Version is a well-known self-report instrument. This test includes eight clinical scales that assess specific ADHD symptoms. These include hyperactivity, impulsivity and the ability to control impulses.<br><br>While the long version contains more subscales. The short version only has 25 questions. Both versions were created to monitor ADHD-related behavior in children.<br><br>The Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale: Self-Report: Long Version showed high discriminant validity in the course of a study. This suggests that it is a good tool for distinguishing [http://planforexams.com/q2a/user/handlescale0 cheap adhd assessment] patients from healthy control subjects. While at the same time the risk of false positives is very high.<br><br>These limitations aside however, the Conner's Test can still be used to assess ADHD. You should discuss the results with your doctor and therapist to avoid confusion.<br><br>Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI).<br><br>The Personality Assessment Inventory is a psychopathological assessment tool for children, adolescents, and adults. It is constructed from 11 clinical tests. This test can be used to diagnose disorders that fall into three broad categories, including personality, impulse control, and psychopathology.<br><br>The PAI has been validated against numerous of the most well-known personality and psychopathology tests. In addition it has been translated into Spanish for clients who speak Spanish.<br><br>The PAI-A has been validated against the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form and the NEO-FFI. Additionally, it has been used to diagnose Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in adults.<br><br>The past research has revealed the strong psychometric properties of a variety of indicators of response distortion in the Personality Assessment Inventory. The present study examined the negative and positive distortion indicators of the PAI.<br><br>Stepwise regression was used to determine six PAI subscales. These subscales significantly differed between ADHD and non-ADHD clients. MANOVA was used to further analyze the effects of ADHD on these subscales.<br><br>The PAI has been used to evaluate the presence of ADHD in children and adults. Research has previously demonstrated concurrent validity with other measures of ADHD. However, there is still not enough information to differentiate between fake and genuine [https://notabug.org/heartchest02 adhd assessment scotland].<br><br>Furthermore, there is little information about the environmental contribution to the relationship between borderline and ADHD symptoms. This study was designed to fill in the knowledge gap by studying the role of environmental factors in the connection between ADHD and borderline traits. Using a sample of 7,233 twins study compared the associations between borderline traits and ADHD symptoms.<br><br>Several new validity indicators were developed for the Personality Assessment Inventory. They are created from logistic regression and proved to be extremely sensitive and specific.<br><br>Results<br><br>ADHD adults experience issues with concentration and time management. They often abandon projects and complain of poor performance at work. Some have reported having had previous treatment with stimulants.<br><br>A clinical interview, a neuropsychological test, laboratory tests and a laboratory test can all be part of an assessment for adults with ADHD. These instruments can provide information on a person's present symptoms, but they [http://yerliakor.com/user/scarfpest5/ why are adhd assessments so expensive] not reliable predictors of future impairment. Furthermore, a lot of these measures are unstandardized and therefore subject to bias.<br><br>A family history is necessary for evaluating ADHD adults. An experienced clinician may obtain a detailed history of psychiatric comorbidities as well as the history of abuse of substances. Other typical components of the assessment include physical examinations and mental health examination.<br><br>A patient's history of symptoms is the basis for determining if an adult suffers from ADHD. The history should include a thorough review of current symptoms as well [https://www.mazafakas.com/user/profile/4189615 getting an adhd assessment uk] examination of the patient's medical and family history.<br><br>The objective of the assessment in the clinic should be to determine whether there is an impairment. The impairment index of the CPT is a measure of the sensitivity. It is calculated from the Full Scale Attention Quotient, the Full Scale Response Control, and the Total ADHD summation.<br><br>ADHD is defined by hyperactivity and inattention scores of 6 or greater on the CPT. A Qb-Score of 1.5 in healthy people is considered to be the minimum to diagnose ADHD.<br><br>The study found that malingerers over compensate for their skill weaknesses. They also scored lower on visual tasks and auditory tasks, leading to lower mean scores for visuals. However, they were not able to duplicate the Visual Focus and Auditory Prudence tests.

Latest revision as of 14:38, 9 January 2025

Assessment For ADHD in Adults

Whether you're medical professional or someone who wants to learn more about adult ADHD There are many tests you can choose from. Some of the most well-known ones include the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) as well as the Conner's Test, and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). The tests are all available online and simple to administer.

Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)

The Wender Utah Rating Scale is self-report measurement of ADHD symptoms. It has been suggested as a reliable method to determine ADHD diagnosis. While the scale was created to be used with children, the findings suggest that it can be a valuable tool for adults with ADHD.

There are numerous studies that have looked into the psychometric properties of this assessment. McCann, BS conducted a study to determine the discriminant validity for the WURS. A three-factor solution was developed with a satisfactory internal consistency. The solution was based on items that described defiant behaviour and inattention as well as social issues. Another factor was discovered to have an alpha coefficient that was higher.

Similar studies were conducted using the WURS in Italian. The results showed a correlation between the total score of the WURS and the possibility that a mental disorder could be diagnosed.

Researchers also identified the primary factors that impact school performance and emotional dysregulation. One of these variables, the disruptive mood and behavior, is correlated with the Academic factor.

Another important factors is age. Participants with a total score greater than 30 on the questionnaire were more likely to have a diagnosed ADHD diagnosis.

Another interesting result was that the emotional lability measured by the WURS was a predictor of adult ADHD. Emotional dysregulation is essential for understanding how to get assessed for adhd uk ADHD develops in adults.

Numerous studies have proven that patients with BP and BPD score higher on the WURS. Adults with MDD or GAD score lower on the WURS. However this is not the case. Interestingly, females had an improved score on the WURS than males.

The Wender Utah Rating Scale, (WURS), has high diagnostic and screening accuracy. This makes it an effective instrument for assessing the possibility of ADHD in adults.

Adult ADHD Self-Report Scales (ASRS).

The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) is a validated screening test for adults with ADHD. It is easy to use and provides precise results.

As well as identifying individuals who suffer from ADHD, the ASRS can also help physicians to determine if further evaluation is required. This is particularly useful in primary care settings that are busy.

The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale was created in collaboration with the World Health Organisation. It was not intended to be a diagnostic tool, but to enable adult health care providers to quickly determine the probability of an individual having ADHD.

The ASRS has been used to confirm the presence of adult ADHD when evaluating applicants for disability services. It also helps provide estimates of the prevalence of Book Adhd Assessment Uk, Https://Shenasname.Ir/Ask/User/Brushpantry7, in the local community.

A Workgroup on Adult ADHD was formed to develop the ASRS. A questionnaire containing 18 questions was developed . It was used to assess the frequency of the occurrence of ADHD symptoms in the previous six months.

ASRS-V1.1 is a screening tool that can be used to identify patients with ADHD in primary healthcare. It is a simple and easy questionnaire that can be completed in less than five minutes. It is more sensitive than other screening tests and has moderate precision.

One study found that it is able to accurately identify around seventy percent adults with ADHD. However, it's not a complete measure. For example it only contains six items that have the most potential for predictive value for ADHD. Despite its flaws, the ASRS V1.1 is still a great screening tool for assessing ADHD risk in adult primary care patients.

ASRS-V1.1 is a matter of a few seconds to complete and does not hinder productivity at the office. Additionally, it offers an easy, quick and efficient way to get an official diagnosis.

Conner's Test

Conner's Test to measure ADHD in adults is one of the most popular self-reporting methods to diagnose the condition. It is a reliable and highly effective behavioral assessment instrument. However, the results of the test may not always be 100% accurate. It is recommended to perform the test only under the supervision of a doctor.

A licensed psychologist or mental health professional will help you identify the problem. They will discuss the results with you and suggest a treatment program. To monitor the progression of your treatment, you can seek the advice from a therapist or counselor. If symptoms continue to persist the doctor may decide to prescribe other medications.

Other testing tools could be suggested by a physician. They include physical examinations, attention skill tests, and behavioral assessments. Conners 4 is a good choice for a comprehensive test. It provides a thorough analysis of the symptoms of ADHD and the co-occurring disorders.

The Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self Report Long Version is a well-known self-report instrument. This test includes eight clinical scales that assess specific ADHD symptoms. These include hyperactivity, impulsivity and the ability to control impulses.

While the long version contains more subscales. The short version only has 25 questions. Both versions were created to monitor ADHD-related behavior in children.

The Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale: Self-Report: Long Version showed high discriminant validity in the course of a study. This suggests that it is a good tool for distinguishing cheap adhd assessment patients from healthy control subjects. While at the same time the risk of false positives is very high.

These limitations aside however, the Conner's Test can still be used to assess ADHD. You should discuss the results with your doctor and therapist to avoid confusion.

Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI).

The Personality Assessment Inventory is a psychopathological assessment tool for children, adolescents, and adults. It is constructed from 11 clinical tests. This test can be used to diagnose disorders that fall into three broad categories, including personality, impulse control, and psychopathology.

The PAI has been validated against numerous of the most well-known personality and psychopathology tests. In addition it has been translated into Spanish for clients who speak Spanish.

The PAI-A has been validated against the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form and the NEO-FFI. Additionally, it has been used to diagnose Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in adults.

The past research has revealed the strong psychometric properties of a variety of indicators of response distortion in the Personality Assessment Inventory. The present study examined the negative and positive distortion indicators of the PAI.

Stepwise regression was used to determine six PAI subscales. These subscales significantly differed between ADHD and non-ADHD clients. MANOVA was used to further analyze the effects of ADHD on these subscales.

The PAI has been used to evaluate the presence of ADHD in children and adults. Research has previously demonstrated concurrent validity with other measures of ADHD. However, there is still not enough information to differentiate between fake and genuine adhd assessment scotland.

Furthermore, there is little information about the environmental contribution to the relationship between borderline and ADHD symptoms. This study was designed to fill in the knowledge gap by studying the role of environmental factors in the connection between ADHD and borderline traits. Using a sample of 7,233 twins study compared the associations between borderline traits and ADHD symptoms.

Several new validity indicators were developed for the Personality Assessment Inventory. They are created from logistic regression and proved to be extremely sensitive and specific.

Results

ADHD adults experience issues with concentration and time management. They often abandon projects and complain of poor performance at work. Some have reported having had previous treatment with stimulants.

A clinical interview, a neuropsychological test, laboratory tests and a laboratory test can all be part of an assessment for adults with ADHD. These instruments can provide information on a person's present symptoms, but they why are adhd assessments so expensive not reliable predictors of future impairment. Furthermore, a lot of these measures are unstandardized and therefore subject to bias.

A family history is necessary for evaluating ADHD adults. An experienced clinician may obtain a detailed history of psychiatric comorbidities as well as the history of abuse of substances. Other typical components of the assessment include physical examinations and mental health examination.

A patient's history of symptoms is the basis for determining if an adult suffers from ADHD. The history should include a thorough review of current symptoms as well getting an adhd assessment uk examination of the patient's medical and family history.

The objective of the assessment in the clinic should be to determine whether there is an impairment. The impairment index of the CPT is a measure of the sensitivity. It is calculated from the Full Scale Attention Quotient, the Full Scale Response Control, and the Total ADHD summation.

ADHD is defined by hyperactivity and inattention scores of 6 or greater on the CPT. A Qb-Score of 1.5 in healthy people is considered to be the minimum to diagnose ADHD.

The study found that malingerers over compensate for their skill weaknesses. They also scored lower on visual tasks and auditory tasks, leading to lower mean scores for visuals. However, they were not able to duplicate the Visual Focus and Auditory Prudence tests.