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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they speak in terms?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on practical and reasonable actions. It's in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you should always stick to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with one with one another. It is often viewed as a part of language however it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user wants to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study it is comparatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly in the last few decades. It is primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notions of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a wide range topics, such as pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, however their rankings differ by database. This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors by their number of publications alone. It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the users and contexts of language use rather than focusing on reference grammar, truth, or. It studies the ways in which an expression can be understood to mean various things depending on the context as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that listeners employ to determine if phrases are intended to be communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known, long-established one There is a lot of debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. For example some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have argued that this type of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and that it should be considered an independent part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and so on. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it examines the ways in which our ideas about the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a handful of issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not an academic discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to any facts about what actually gets said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this study should be considered an academic discipline because it examines how cultural and social influences influence the meaning and usage of language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we think about the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions a saturation and a free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of a language. It studies the way that humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, [https://eggnogcomic04.bravejournal.net/learn-about-pragmatic-slot-tips-while-working-from-the-comfort-of-your-home 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁] 슬롯무료 ([https://linde-washington-2.blogbright.net/how-to-make-an-amazing-instagram-video-about-pragmatic-kr/ look at this website]) many theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intention of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, such as cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also differing views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on the words spoken, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical consequences of saying something. They claim that semantics determines certain aspects of the meaning of an expression, whereas other pragmatics are determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that a single word can have different meanings based on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is due to different cultures having different rules for what is acceptable to say in various situations. In some cultures, it's acceptable to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. There are a variety of areas of research, including computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It examines how the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of the study of linguistics like syntax and semantics or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has grown in various directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical characteristics, the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatics, one of the major issues is whether it is possible to give a precise and systematic account of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have suggested it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined and that they're the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to go between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. For example some scholars believe that if an expression has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics. On the other hand, others argue that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is just one of the many ways in which an expression can be understood, and that all interpretations are valid. This approach is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine both approaches trying to understand the entire range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For  [https://dowd-delgado.technetbloggers.de/the-most-effective-pragmatic-slot-buff-tricks-for-changing-your-life/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작] 불법 ([https://pricechurch8.werite.net/pragmatic-tools-to-streamline-your-daily-lifethe-one-pragmatic-trick-that pricechurch8.werite.net]) example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of a speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable action. It's in opposition to idealism, the notion that you should always stick by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users find meaning from and each one another. It is often seen as a component of language, however it differs from semantics since it is focused on what the user is trying to convey and not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study it is comparatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field but it has also influenced research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics, [https://profiteplo.com/user/editorbirch2/ 프라그마틱 무료] 슬롯 무료체험 ([https://livebookmark.stream/story.php?title=the-one-pragmatic-recommendations-mistake-every-newbie-makes learn more about livebookmark.stream]) and anthropology.<br><br>There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has focused on a variety of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension as well as production of requests by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to cultural and social phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on which database is utilized. The US and [https://maps.google.no/url?q=https://www.northwestu.edu/?URL=https://hwang-gundersen-2.thoughtlanes.net/pragmatic-game-explained-in-fewer-than-140-characters-1726835444 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율] [https://atavi.com/share/wuogghz5hhqu 라이브 카지노] ([https://images.google.cg/url?q=https://wiley-rohde-3.thoughtlanes.net/20-up-andcomers-to-watch-the-pragmatic-free-slot-buff-industry https://images.google.Cg/url?q=https://wiley-rohde-3.thoughtlanes.net/20-up-andcomers-to-watch-the-pragmatic-free-slot-buff-industry]) the UK are two of the top contributors in the field of pragmatics research. However, their position differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to determine the top authors of pragmatics based on their publications only. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine whether phrases have a message. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics. Others have argued that this type of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of language or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a discipline in its own right and should be treated as an independent part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics and so on. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it examines the way in which our beliefs about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without necessarily being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This sort of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this field ought to be considered an independent discipline since it studies how social and cultural factors influence the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more detail. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment, which are important pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of a statement.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It focuses on how human language is used during social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of a speaker. Relevance Theory, for  [https://mensvault.men/story.php?title=the-3-greatest-moments-in-pragmatic-free-history 슬롯] example is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also different views regarding the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of signs to objects that they could or may not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logic implications of uttering a phrase. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single word can have different meanings based on the context, such as indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. It is because every culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. There are a myriad of areas of research, including computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics of language, as well as clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through the use of language in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of the utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics has a link to other areas of study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. There is a broad range of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the role of lexical characteristics as well as the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the main issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to develop a rigorous, systematic account of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not well-defined and that they're the same.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate back and forth between these two views, arguing that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. For example certain scholars argue that if a statement has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different stance in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one of many ways that the utterance may be interpreted and that all interpretations are valid. This is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine the concepts of semantics and far-side trying to understand the full range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so strong when contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 11:18, 22 November 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?

It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable action. It's in opposition to idealism, the notion that you should always stick by your principles.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users find meaning from and each one another. It is often seen as a component of language, however it differs from semantics since it is focused on what the user is trying to convey and not on what the actual meaning is.

As a field of study it is comparatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field but it has also influenced research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics, 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯 무료체험 (learn more about livebookmark.stream) and anthropology.

There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.

Research in pragmatics has focused on a variety of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension as well as production of requests by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to cultural and social phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on which database is utilized. The US and 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 라이브 카지노 (https://images.google.Cg/url?q=https://wiley-rohde-3.thoughtlanes.net/20-up-andcomers-to-watch-the-pragmatic-free-slot-buff-industry) the UK are two of the top contributors in the field of pragmatics research. However, their position differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to determine the top authors of pragmatics based on their publications only. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine whether phrases have a message. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics. Others have argued that this type of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.

Another debate is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of language or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a discipline in its own right and should be treated as an independent part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics and so on. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it examines the way in which our beliefs about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories of how languages work.

The debate has been fuelled by a number of key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without necessarily being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This sort of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this field ought to be considered an independent discipline since it studies how social and cultural factors influence the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.

Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more detail. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment, which are important pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of a statement.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It focuses on how human language is used during social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of a speaker. Relevance Theory, for 슬롯 example is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.

There are also different views regarding the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of signs to objects that they could or may not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logic implications of uttering a phrase. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single word can have different meanings based on the context, such as indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a phrase.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. It is because every culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. There are a myriad of areas of research, including computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics of language, as well as clinical and experimentative pragmatics.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through the use of language in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of the utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics has a link to other areas of study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax or philosophy of language.

In recent times the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. There is a broad range of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the role of lexical characteristics as well as the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the main issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to develop a rigorous, systematic account of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not well-defined and that they're the same.

It is not unusual for scholars to debate back and forth between these two views, arguing that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. For example certain scholars argue that if a statement has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.

Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different stance in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one of many ways that the utterance may be interpreted and that all interpretations are valid. This is often described as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine the concepts of semantics and far-side trying to understand the full range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so strong when contrasted to other possible implicatures.