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Assessment For ADHD in Adults<br><br>Whether you're a medical professional or someone who wants to learn more about adult ADHD There are a variety of tests you can use. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, Conner's Test, or the Personality Assessment Inventory are some of the most well-known. All of these [https://www.maanation.com/post/342467_https-boswell-oneal-2-blogbright-net-20-trailblazers-are-leading-the-way-in-adhd.html are adhd assessments covered by insurance] available online and are easy to administer.<br><br>Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale is an assessment of self-report for ADHD symptoms. It has been suggested as a reliable method for ADHD diagnosis. The scale is intended for children, but the results suggest that it could be used by adults suffering from ADHD too.<br><br>There are a variety of studies that have investigated the psychometric properties of this assessment. McCann, BS, conducted an investigation to determine the validity of discriminant tests using the WURS. A three-factor solution was developed with satisfactory internal consistency. The solution was based on items that described defiant behaviour and inattentiveness as well as social problems. Another factor had a higher Alpha coefficient.<br><br>A similar study was done using an Italian version of the WURS. The results showed that there was an association between the overall score of the WURS and the probability of a diagnosis of mental health issues.<br><br>Researchers also identified the main factors that influence the performance of students and emotional dysregulation. The academic factor was associated with one of these factors, the disruptive behavior and mood factors.<br><br>Another important variables is age. Participants with a WURS score greater than 30 were more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.<br><br>Another interesting result was that the emotional lability measured by the WURS was a predictor for adult ADHD. Emotional dysregulation is essential for understanding [https://george-guldbrandsen-2.blogbright.net/it-is-also-a-guide-to-adhd-assessment-kent-in-2024/ how to get assessed for adhd uk] ADHD develops in adults.<br><br>Numerous studies have shown that people suffering from BP or BPD score higher on WURS. Adults with GAD/MDD score lower the WURS. However this isn't the case. The results showed that females had a better score on the WURS than males.<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) has the highest screening and diagnostic accuracy. As such, it is an effective tool to assess the potential of ADHD in adults.<br><br>Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS)<br><br>The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) is a validated screening test for adults who suffer from ADHD. It is easy to administer and gives accurate results.<br><br>The ASRS helps doctors determine if further evaluation is needed. This is especially useful in busy primary care settings.<br><br>The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale was created in collaboration with the World Health Organisation. It was not created to be a diagnostic tool, but to enable adult health care providers to quickly determine the probability of a person having ADHD.<br><br>The ASRS can be used to determine adult ADHD in people who are seeking disability benefits. It can also be used to determine the prevalence of ADHD within the community.<br><br>A Workgroup on Adult ADHD was established to develop the ASRS. To assess ADHD symptoms' frequency in the past six months, a survey with 18 questions was designed.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 is a screening tool that could be used to detect people with [https://funsilo.date/wiki/15_UpAndComing_ADHD_Assessment_Birmingham_Bloggers_You_Need_To_Be_Keeping_An_Eye_On adhd social Assessment] in primary healthcare. It's a simple and short questionnaire that can be completed in just five minutes or less. In comparison to other screening tests, it has moderate specificity and high sensitivity.<br><br>One study showed that it can accurately detect around seventy percent of adults who suffer from ADHD. However, it's not a complete measure. For example it only contains six items that have the highest probability of predicting [https://wifidb.science/wiki/10_Top_Facebook_Pages_Of_All_Time_Assessment_Of_ADHD adhd assessment london]. Despite its limitations, the ASRS-V1.1 is still a useful screening tool to determine the likelihood of ADHD in adult primary care populations.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 requires only a few seconds to complete and does not hinder productivity in the office. Additionally, it offers an efficient, simple and fast route to a diagnosis.<br><br>Conner's Test<br><br>Conner's Test to assess [https://www.metooo.io/u/6710287e169fee118a4cddda adhd assessments] in adults is one of the most frequently used self-reporting methods to diagnose the condition. The test is a reliable and highly effective behavioral assessment tool. However the results of the test may not always be 100% accurate. It is recommended to use the test only under the supervision of a physician.<br><br>A psychologist or a licensed mental health professional can help determine the cause of the disorder. They will discuss the results with your and suggest a treatment plan. You may also seek assistance of a therapist counselor to track the progress of your treatment. If symptoms continue to persist your doctor may suggest you to take a different medication.<br><br>Other testing tools may be suggested by a physician. Some of them include physical examinations test for attention skills, and behavior assessments. Conners 4 is a good option for a comprehensive evaluation. It offers a thorough analysis of ADHD symptoms and co-occurring disorders.<br><br>Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scale - Self Report Long Version is a popular self-report test. This test comprises eight scales for clinical assessment that evaluate the specific ADHD symptoms. These include hyperactivity, impulsivity and control of impulses.<br><br>The longer version has more subscales than the short version, however only 25 questions are available in the shorter version. Both versions were designed to follow up on the behavior of children who suffers from ADHD.<br><br>The Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale: Self-Report Long Version showed high discriminant validity in research. This indicates that it can be used for distinguishing ADHD patients from healthy control subjects. At the same time the percentage of false positives is high.<br><br>Considering these limitations, it is still safe to take the Conner's Test for assessment of ADHD. It is recommended to discuss the results with your therapist and doctor to avoid mistaken diagnosis.<br><br>Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI).<br><br>The Personality Assessment Inventory is a psychopathological assessment instrument for children, adolescents and adults. It is taken from 11 clinical measures. This test is used to identify disorders that fall into three broad categories such as impulse control, personality and psychopathology.<br><br>The PAI has been validated against numerous of the most popular psychopathology and personality tests. Additionally, it has been translated into Spanish for Spanish-speaking clients.<br><br>The PAI-A has been validated against the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form and the NEO-FFI. Additionally, it has been used to diagnose Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in adults.<br><br>Past research has demonstrated the superior psychometric properties of a variety of indicators of response distortion in the Personality Assessment Inventory. This study examined both distortion indicators both positive and negative in the PAI.<br><br>Stepwise regression was applied to determine six PAI subscales. These subscales revealed significant differences between ADHD clients and non-ADHD clients. These subscales were further examined using MANOVA.<br><br>The PAI has been used to measure feigned ADHD in children and adults. Research has demonstrated that ADHD tests have good concurrent validity. There is not enough information to differentiate between genuine ADHD and feigned ADHD.<br><br>Insufficient information on the environmental factors that influence the association between ADHD symptoms and borderline characteristics is another reason. This study aimed to fill the gap in knowledge by studying the role of environmental factors in the connection between ADHD and borderline characteristics. The study looked into the relationship between ADHD symptoms and borderline traits by using a sample of 7,233 twins.<br><br>A variety of new validity indicators have been created for the Personality Assessment Inventory. They are derived from logistic regression and showed excellent sensitivity and specificity.<br><br>Results<br><br>ADHD adults have issues with their concentration and time management. They often leave projects unfinished and complain of poor performance at work. Some have claimed that they had received stimulant treatments in the past.<br><br>An assessment of adults with ADHD may include a clinical interview, a neuropsychological examination as well as laboratory tests. These tests can give information about the person's current symptoms, but they're not reliable predictors of the future severity. Many of these measures aren't standardised , and thus could be biased.<br><br>A family history is necessary for evaluating ADHD adults. An experienced clinician may collect a detailed account of psychiatric disorders and the history of substance abuse. A physical examination and a mental health assessment are also typical elements of the examination.<br><br>A patient's history of symptoms is the foundation for determining if an adult suffers from ADHD. This history should include a thorough review of current symptoms aswell being a thorough examination of the patient's medical and familial background.<br><br>The clinical assessment should focus on finding an impairment. The CPT impairment index is a measure for the sensitivity. It is calculated from the Full Scale Attention Quotient, the Full Scale Response Control, and the Total ADHD summation.<br><br>Hyperactivity and inattention scores of 6 or more on the CPT are considered to be a sign of ADHD. A Qb-Score of 1.5 for healthy individuals is considered to be the minimum to determine ADHD.<br><br>Results of the study indicated that malingerers are over-compensating for their deficiencies in their skills. They also scored lower on visual tasks as well as auditory tasks, leading to lower visual mean scores. However, they could not make up the Visual Focus and Auditory Prudence tests.
Assessment For ADHD in Adults<br><br>There are a myriad of tests you can use, whether you're a professional or a patient who is interested in adult ADHD. The Adult adhd assessment glasgow ([https://wordelbow7.bravejournal.net/the-advanced-guide-to-adhd-assessments-for-adults please click the following webpage]) Self-Report Scale, Conner's Test, or the Personality Assessment Inventory are some of the most well-known. The tests [https://weightvan82.bravejournal.net/15-gifts-for-the-adhd-assessment-uk-lover-in-your-life are adhd assessments covered by insurance] all available online and are easy to administer.<br><br>Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale, an instrument for self-reporting ADHD symptoms, is an instrument that allows you to assess your symptoms. It has been deemed [https://articlescad.com/the-most-significant-issue-with-adhd-assessments-for-adults-and-what-you-can-do-to-fix-it-732220.html getting an adhd assessment uk] accurate method for ADHD diagnosis. Although the scale is designed to be used with children, the findings suggest that it is also an effective instrument for adults suffering from ADHD.<br><br>There are many different studies that have investigated the psychometric properties of this assessment. McCann, BS, conducted an experiment to test the validity of discriminant tests using the WURS. The internal consistency of the three-factor solution was satisfactory. The solution contained items that described an inattention deficit, defiant behavior and social issues. Another factor was found to have an alpha coefficient that was higher.<br><br>Similar studies were conducted using the WURS in Italian. The results showed a correlation between the overall score of the WURS and the chance that a mental disorder will be diagnosed.<br><br>Researchers also identified the primary factors that influence school performance and emotional dysregulation. The Academic factor was also associated with one of these factors, the disruptive behavior and mood factors.<br><br>Age is a different factor. Participants who scored higher than 30 on the WURS were more likely to have a diagnosed ADHD diagnosis.<br><br>Another intriguing result was WURS's measurement of emotional lability, which was a predictor for adult ADHD. Emotional dysregulation is important for understanding how ADHD develops in adults.<br><br>Numerous studies have shown that patients with BP or BPD score higher on the WURS. However, the same is not the case for those suffering from GAD/MDD. Incredibly, females scored an improved score on the WURS than males.<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale, (WURS) is a highly accurate diagnostic and screening accuracy. It is a powerful instrument to assess the potential for ADHD in adults.<br><br>Adult ADHD Self-Report Scales (ASRS).<br><br>The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale is an approved screening tool that is suitable for adults suffering from ADHD. It's simple to administer and provides accurate results.<br><br>The ASRS helps doctors determine the need for further examination. This is especially useful in primary care settings that are busy.<br><br>The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale was developed in collaboration with the World Health Organisation. It was not intended to be a diagnostic tool but to allow adult health care providers to assess the risk of a person suffering from ADHD.<br><br>The ASRS has been used to help confirm the presence of adult ADHD in those who seek disability services. It also helps give estimates of the frequency of ADHD in the community.<br><br>A Workgroup on Adult ADHD was formed to create the ASRS. A questionnaire containing 18 questions was developed . It was used to determine the frequency of occurrence of ADHD symptoms over the last six months.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 is a highly effective screening tool for adults with ADHD in primary care. It's a quick and easy questionnaire that can be completed in five minutes or less. When compared to other screening tests, this one has moderate specificity and high sensitivity.<br><br>One study showed that it could accurately identify about seventy percent of adults with ADHD. It's not a complete test. For example it only contains six items with the highest predictive value for ADHD. Despite its flaws, ASRS-V1.1 is still a useful screening tool to assess the risk of ADHD in adult primary care populations.<br><br>ASRS-V1.1 takes just a few minutes to complete and does not hinder productivity in the office. It also provides an efficient, easy and quick method to obtain an official diagnosis.<br><br>Conner's Test<br><br>Conner's Test to measure ADHD in adults is among the most popular self-report methods for diagnosing the condition. This is a reliable and extremely effective behavioral assessment instrument. However, the results of the test may not always be precise. Therefore, it is suggested to conduct the test under the supervision by a medical health professional.<br><br>A licensed psychologist or mental health professional can assist you to determine the cause of the disorder. They will discuss the results with you and recommend a treatment program. You can also seek assistance of a psychotherapist or counselor to monitor the progress of your treatment. If symptoms continue to persist your doctor might suggest you to take a different medication.<br><br>Other testing tools may be suggested by a doctor. Some of them include physical examinations and tests for attention skills and behavior tests. [https://qooh.me/phonesinger3 assessed for adhd] a thorough evaluation, Conners 4 is a good option. It provides a thorough examination of ADHD symptoms and co-occurring disorders.<br><br>The Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self Report Long Version is a popular self-report measure. This test is comprised of eight scales for clinical use that measure the specific [https://combwater84.werite.net/17-signs-to-know-you-work-with-private-assessment-for-adhd adhd assessment in uk] symptoms. These include hyperactivity, impulsivity and control of impulses.<br><br>The long version contains more subscales than the short version, however only 25 questions are in the shorter version. Both versions were developed to study the behavior of a child who suffers from ADHD.<br><br>In an investigation that was conducted, the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self-Report Long Version was found to have high discriminant value meaning that it could be used to differentiate patients with ADHD from healthy control subjects. At the same time the percentage of false positives is very high.<br><br>Given these limitations However, it is acceptable to use the Conner's Test for assessment of ADHD. To avoid misdiagnosis, discuss the results of the test with a doctor and your therapist.<br><br>Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)<br><br>The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is a psychopathological assessment instrument for adults, adolescents, and children. The scales and subscales of the instrument are derived from 11 clinical measures. This assessment can be used to identify disorders across three broad categories, which include personality, impulse control, and psychopathology.<br><br>The PAI has been validated against numerous of the most popular psychopathology and personality tests. It has also been translated into Spanish to assist clients who speak Spanish.<br><br>The PAI-A has been validated against the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form and the NEO-FFI. Additionally, it has been used to diagnose Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in adults.<br><br>Research in the past has demonstrated the psychometric properties of several indicators for response distortion in the Personality Assessment Inventory. The current study examined the negative and positive distortion indicators in the PAI.<br><br>Six PAI subscales were identified with stepwise regression. These subscales showed significant differences between ADHD clients and non-ADHD clients. The subscales further were analyzed using MANOVA.<br><br>The PAI can be used to determine if there is feigned ADHD in both adults and children. Research has shown that ADHD tests have a high degree of concurrent validity. There is not enough information to distinguish between real ADHD and fake ADHD.<br><br>Furthermore, there is little information about the environmental contribution to the connection between borderline and ADHD symptoms. To fill this gap in knowledge the current study investigated the environmental factors that contribute to the relationship between borderline traits and ADHD. Utilizing a sample of 7,233 twins study examined the relationship between borderline traits and ADHD symptoms.<br><br>For the Personality Assessment Inventory, several new validity indicators have been developed. They are developed from logistic regression and have showed excellent sensitivity and specificity.<br><br>Results<br><br>ADHD adults experience issues with time management and concentration. They tend to leave projects unfinished and complain of poor performance at work. Some have reported that they had prior treatment with stimulants.<br><br>A neuropsychological examination, laboratory tests and a laboratory test can all be part of an assessment for adults with ADHD. These instruments are able to provide information about a individual's current symptoms but they're not reliable predictors of the future severity. Many of these measures aren't standardised , and thus could be biased.<br><br>A family history can be necessary for evaluating ADHD adults. A skilled clinician may ask for a detailed account of any psychiatric problems and history of substance abuse. A physical exam and mental health assessment are also typical elements of the assessment.<br><br>The diagnosis of adult ADHD is determined by the patient's history of symptoms. This history should include a review of current symptoms as well an review of the patient's medical and family background.<br><br>The clinical evaluation should concentrate on the presence of impairment. The CPT impairment index is an indication of the sensitivity. It is taken from the Full Scale Attention Quotient, the Full Scale Response Control, and the Total ADHD summation.<br><br>ADHD is defined by hyperactivity and inattention scores of 6 or greater on the CPT. A Qb-Score of 1.5 for healthy individuals is suggested as the threshold to determine ADHD.<br><br>The study's results showed that malingerers compensate for their deficiencies in their skills. In the end, they scored lower visual mean scores on both visual and auditory tasks. However, they were unable to make up the Visual Focus and Auditory Prudence tests.

Revision as of 10:41, 23 December 2024

Assessment For ADHD in Adults

There are a myriad of tests you can use, whether you're a professional or a patient who is interested in adult ADHD. The Adult adhd assessment glasgow (please click the following webpage) Self-Report Scale, Conner's Test, or the Personality Assessment Inventory are some of the most well-known. The tests are adhd assessments covered by insurance all available online and are easy to administer.

Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)

The Wender Utah Rating Scale, an instrument for self-reporting ADHD symptoms, is an instrument that allows you to assess your symptoms. It has been deemed getting an adhd assessment uk accurate method for ADHD diagnosis. Although the scale is designed to be used with children, the findings suggest that it is also an effective instrument for adults suffering from ADHD.

There are many different studies that have investigated the psychometric properties of this assessment. McCann, BS, conducted an experiment to test the validity of discriminant tests using the WURS. The internal consistency of the three-factor solution was satisfactory. The solution contained items that described an inattention deficit, defiant behavior and social issues. Another factor was found to have an alpha coefficient that was higher.

Similar studies were conducted using the WURS in Italian. The results showed a correlation between the overall score of the WURS and the chance that a mental disorder will be diagnosed.

Researchers also identified the primary factors that influence school performance and emotional dysregulation. The Academic factor was also associated with one of these factors, the disruptive behavior and mood factors.

Age is a different factor. Participants who scored higher than 30 on the WURS were more likely to have a diagnosed ADHD diagnosis.

Another intriguing result was WURS's measurement of emotional lability, which was a predictor for adult ADHD. Emotional dysregulation is important for understanding how ADHD develops in adults.

Numerous studies have shown that patients with BP or BPD score higher on the WURS. However, the same is not the case for those suffering from GAD/MDD. Incredibly, females scored an improved score on the WURS than males.

The Wender Utah Rating Scale, (WURS) is a highly accurate diagnostic and screening accuracy. It is a powerful instrument to assess the potential for ADHD in adults.

Adult ADHD Self-Report Scales (ASRS).

The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale is an approved screening tool that is suitable for adults suffering from ADHD. It's simple to administer and provides accurate results.

The ASRS helps doctors determine the need for further examination. This is especially useful in primary care settings that are busy.

The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale was developed in collaboration with the World Health Organisation. It was not intended to be a diagnostic tool but to allow adult health care providers to assess the risk of a person suffering from ADHD.

The ASRS has been used to help confirm the presence of adult ADHD in those who seek disability services. It also helps give estimates of the frequency of ADHD in the community.

A Workgroup on Adult ADHD was formed to create the ASRS. A questionnaire containing 18 questions was developed . It was used to determine the frequency of occurrence of ADHD symptoms over the last six months.

ASRS-V1.1 is a highly effective screening tool for adults with ADHD in primary care. It's a quick and easy questionnaire that can be completed in five minutes or less. When compared to other screening tests, this one has moderate specificity and high sensitivity.

One study showed that it could accurately identify about seventy percent of adults with ADHD. It's not a complete test. For example it only contains six items with the highest predictive value for ADHD. Despite its flaws, ASRS-V1.1 is still a useful screening tool to assess the risk of ADHD in adult primary care populations.

ASRS-V1.1 takes just a few minutes to complete and does not hinder productivity in the office. It also provides an efficient, easy and quick method to obtain an official diagnosis.

Conner's Test

Conner's Test to measure ADHD in adults is among the most popular self-report methods for diagnosing the condition. This is a reliable and extremely effective behavioral assessment instrument. However, the results of the test may not always be precise. Therefore, it is suggested to conduct the test under the supervision by a medical health professional.

A licensed psychologist or mental health professional can assist you to determine the cause of the disorder. They will discuss the results with you and recommend a treatment program. You can also seek assistance of a psychotherapist or counselor to monitor the progress of your treatment. If symptoms continue to persist your doctor might suggest you to take a different medication.

Other testing tools may be suggested by a doctor. Some of them include physical examinations and tests for attention skills and behavior tests. assessed for adhd a thorough evaluation, Conners 4 is a good option. It provides a thorough examination of ADHD symptoms and co-occurring disorders.

The Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self Report Long Version is a popular self-report measure. This test is comprised of eight scales for clinical use that measure the specific adhd assessment in uk symptoms. These include hyperactivity, impulsivity and control of impulses.

The long version contains more subscales than the short version, however only 25 questions are in the shorter version. Both versions were developed to study the behavior of a child who suffers from ADHD.

In an investigation that was conducted, the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self-Report Long Version was found to have high discriminant value meaning that it could be used to differentiate patients with ADHD from healthy control subjects. At the same time the percentage of false positives is very high.

Given these limitations However, it is acceptable to use the Conner's Test for assessment of ADHD. To avoid misdiagnosis, discuss the results of the test with a doctor and your therapist.

Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)

The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is a psychopathological assessment instrument for adults, adolescents, and children. The scales and subscales of the instrument are derived from 11 clinical measures. This assessment can be used to identify disorders across three broad categories, which include personality, impulse control, and psychopathology.

The PAI has been validated against numerous of the most popular psychopathology and personality tests. It has also been translated into Spanish to assist clients who speak Spanish.

The PAI-A has been validated against the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form and the NEO-FFI. Additionally, it has been used to diagnose Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in adults.

Research in the past has demonstrated the psychometric properties of several indicators for response distortion in the Personality Assessment Inventory. The current study examined the negative and positive distortion indicators in the PAI.

Six PAI subscales were identified with stepwise regression. These subscales showed significant differences between ADHD clients and non-ADHD clients. The subscales further were analyzed using MANOVA.

The PAI can be used to determine if there is feigned ADHD in both adults and children. Research has shown that ADHD tests have a high degree of concurrent validity. There is not enough information to distinguish between real ADHD and fake ADHD.

Furthermore, there is little information about the environmental contribution to the connection between borderline and ADHD symptoms. To fill this gap in knowledge the current study investigated the environmental factors that contribute to the relationship between borderline traits and ADHD. Utilizing a sample of 7,233 twins study examined the relationship between borderline traits and ADHD symptoms.

For the Personality Assessment Inventory, several new validity indicators have been developed. They are developed from logistic regression and have showed excellent sensitivity and specificity.

Results

ADHD adults experience issues with time management and concentration. They tend to leave projects unfinished and complain of poor performance at work. Some have reported that they had prior treatment with stimulants.

A neuropsychological examination, laboratory tests and a laboratory test can all be part of an assessment for adults with ADHD. These instruments are able to provide information about a individual's current symptoms but they're not reliable predictors of the future severity. Many of these measures aren't standardised , and thus could be biased.

A family history can be necessary for evaluating ADHD adults. A skilled clinician may ask for a detailed account of any psychiatric problems and history of substance abuse. A physical exam and mental health assessment are also typical elements of the assessment.

The diagnosis of adult ADHD is determined by the patient's history of symptoms. This history should include a review of current symptoms as well an review of the patient's medical and family background.

The clinical evaluation should concentrate on the presence of impairment. The CPT impairment index is an indication of the sensitivity. It is taken from the Full Scale Attention Quotient, the Full Scale Response Control, and the Total ADHD summation.

ADHD is defined by hyperactivity and inattention scores of 6 or greater on the CPT. A Qb-Score of 1.5 for healthy individuals is suggested as the threshold to determine ADHD.

The study's results showed that malingerers compensate for their deficiencies in their skills. In the end, they scored lower visual mean scores on both visual and auditory tasks. However, they were unable to make up the Visual Focus and Auditory Prudence tests.