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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between context and language. It addresses questions like what do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It differs from idealism which is the idea that one must adhere to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how language users communicate and interact with each with one another. It is usually thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics studies what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It is primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields like psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different views on pragmatics, which have contributed to its growth and development. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These views have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has focused on a variety of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to cultural and social phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on which database is used. The US and UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, their ranking varies depending on the database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors based on their number of publications alone. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts such as politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language usage rather than focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on the ways in which an expression can be understood to mean different things in different contexts and also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear where the lines should be drawn. For  [https://thesocialroi.com/story8002293/are-you-responsible-for-the-pragmatic-free-trial-slot-buff-budget-12-best-ways-to-spend-your-money 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] 정품 ([https://followbookmarks.com/story18397393/everything-you-need-to-learn-about-pragmatic-recommendations visit the following web site]) example some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as to be a linguistics branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics alongside the study of phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy because it focuses on how our ideas about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories on how languages work.<br><br>There are a few major aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fuelled much of this debate. Some scholars have suggested, for example, that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself since it examines how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that this study should be considered a field in its own right because it examines the manner in which the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process, and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in more in depth. Both papers address the notions of a saturation and a free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are crucial processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of language. It analyzes how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of speakers. Others, such as Relevance Theory are focused on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some practical approaches have been put with other disciplines, like philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are different opinions regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He claims that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said while far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They argue that semantics is already determining some of the pragmatics of an utterance, while other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. It is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. In some cultures, it's acceptable to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the most important areas of study are computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and [https://geniusbookmarks.com/story18302377/the-12-worst-types-of-tweets-you-follow 프라그마틱 불법] experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How is free Pragmatics similar to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by language in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of the spoken word and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics, such as syntax, semantics and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. This includes computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a variety of research that addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interaction between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>One of the main issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is unclear and that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to go back and forth between these two perspectives and [https://onlybookmarkings.com/story18255033/ten-pragmatic-recommendationss-that-really-help-you-live-better 프라그마틱 슬롯무료] 정품 ([https://getsocialselling.com Getsocialselling.Com]) argue that certain phenomena fall under either semantics or pragmatics. For instance, some scholars argue that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, whereas other argue that the fact that an expression may be interpreted in various ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative route. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is only one of many possible interpretations and that all interpretations are valid. This is sometimes referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and far side methods. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts listeners will entertain many possible exhausted interpretations of an speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable when compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses issues like What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one should adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with one other. It is typically thought of as a part of the language, although it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey, not what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research area the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field, but it has also influenced research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics, and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These views have contributed to the wide range of topics that pragmatics researchers have studied.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a vast range topics, such as pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on the database used. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, their rank differs based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely according to the number of publications they have published. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language than it is with truth, reference, or grammar. It studies the ways in which an expression can be interpreted as meaning different things in different contexts, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine if utterances are intended to be a communication. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and long-established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, while others claim that this type of issue should be viewed as pragmatic.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics and more. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it deals with how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories on how languages function.<br><br>There are a few key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fueled much of this debate. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language without necessarily being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that this study should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the way the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand  [https://www.nsella.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=click_to_call&event2=&event3=&goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁] 플레이, [https://m.ssathey.com/member/login.html?returnUrl=https://pragmatickr.com/ https://m.ssathey.com/member/login.html?returnUrl=https://pragmatickr.com/], the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is said by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are the issues more thoroughly discussed in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial pragmatic processes in that they shape the meaning of a statement.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, including cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He claims semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They claim that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of an expression, whereas other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same phrase can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other things that can change the meaning of an expression include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. This is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatism, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure that is used in the spoken word and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics, [http://vampirlive.de/proxy.php?link=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프] 데모 [[https://alumni.unl.edu.ec/directorio/verexalumno/pAPREwssieenS1tKhRUvgiWgbBKOP513mtfLCEK-eZQ/28292/1/aHR0cHM6Ly9wcmFnbWF0aWNrci5jb20v/ZD1kYWx0b252YWVnay5qaWxpYmxvZy5jb20lMkY2NjQyNTUxNiUyRmhvdy1kby1pLWZpbmQtYS13aW5kb3ctcmVwYWlyLXNlcnZpY2UtbmVhci1tZQ visit this website link]] like syntax, semantics, and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has grown in a variety of directions that include computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a variety of research conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the role of lexical characteristics, the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to give a precise and systematic explanation of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have argued that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the identical.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is often an ongoing debate and scholars arguing that particular instances fall under the umbrella of semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars argue that if a statement is interpreted with an actual truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement can be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different stance, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which an expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This is commonly referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to integrate both approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by demonstrating how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain many possible exhausted interpretations of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable in comparison to other possible implications.

Latest revision as of 08:54, 7 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses issues like What do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one should adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with one other. It is typically thought of as a part of the language, although it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey, not what the meaning actually is.

As a research area the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field, but it has also influenced research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics, and the field of anthropology.

There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These views have contributed to the wide range of topics that pragmatics researchers have studied.

The study of pragmatics has covered a vast range topics, such as pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on the database used. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, their rank differs based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely according to the number of publications they have published. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language than it is with truth, reference, or grammar. It studies the ways in which an expression can be interpreted as meaning different things in different contexts, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine if utterances are intended to be a communication. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and long-established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, while others claim that this type of issue should be viewed as pragmatic.

Another debate is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics and more. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it deals with how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories on how languages function.

There are a few key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fueled much of this debate. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language without necessarily being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that this study should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the way the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.

Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁 플레이, https://m.ssathey.com/member/login.html?returnUrl=https://pragmatickr.com/, the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is said by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are the issues more thoroughly discussed in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial pragmatic processes in that they shape the meaning of a statement.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, including cognitive science and philosophy.

There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He claims semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.

Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They claim that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of an expression, whereas other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same phrase can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other things that can change the meaning of an expression include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. This is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatism, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and clinical and experimentative pragmatics.

How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure that is used in the spoken word and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics, 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프 데모 [visit this website link] like syntax, semantics, and philosophy of language.

In recent years, the field of pragmatics has grown in a variety of directions that include computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a variety of research conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the role of lexical characteristics, the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.

In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to give a precise and systematic explanation of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have argued that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the identical.

The debate between these two positions is often an ongoing debate and scholars arguing that particular instances fall under the umbrella of semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars argue that if a statement is interpreted with an actual truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement can be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different stance, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which an expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This is commonly referred to as far-side pragmatics.

Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to integrate both approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by demonstrating how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain many possible exhausted interpretations of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable in comparison to other possible implications.