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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses questions such as What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on sensible and practical actions. It's in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you must always abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines the way that language users interact and communicate with one other. It is usually thought of as a part of the language however it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics examines what the user intends to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It is primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this field. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and the significance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and  [https://brockca.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=392269 프라그마틱 순위] interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs according to the database used. The US and the UK are two of the top producers in the field of pragmatics research. However, their rank is dependent on the database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors by the quantity of their publications. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini for instance, has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It studies the ways in which one utterance can be understood as meaning different things from different contexts and also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also examines the methods that listeners employ to determine if phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known, long-established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers believe that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics, whereas other insist that this particular problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered to be a linguistics branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others, however, have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language since it examines the ways in which our ideas about the meanings and functions of language affect our theories about how languages work.<br><br>There are several key issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have fuelled much of this debate. For example, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not a subject in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language, without using any data regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the study should be considered a field in its own right, since it examines the manner in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we think about the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being spoken by the speaker in a particular sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in more detail. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes that shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It evaluates how human language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of utterances by hearers. Certain approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also differing views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He says that semantics deals with the relationship of signs to objects that they could or may not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that the same phrase can mean different things in different contexts, depending on factors such as ambiguity and indexicality. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, and listener expectations can also change the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is due to different cultures having different rules for what is acceptable to say in different situations. In some cultures, it's considered polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of research, such as formal and computational pragmatics, theoretical and  [http://enbbs.instrustar.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1450293 프라그마틱 정품] [https://socialbookmarknew.win/story.php?title=10-top-mobile-apps-for-pragmatic-kr 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작] 무료 [[https://maps.google.ml/url?q=https://erlandsen-bay-2.hubstack.net/what-is-the-reason-adding-a-key-word-to-your-lifes-activities-will-make-all-the-change-1726722283 relevant internet site]] experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics of language, as well as clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the use of language in a context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of an spoken word and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in many different directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are distinguished by a wide variety of research, which focuses on aspects like lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse,  [https://zzb.bz/kYPLD 슬롯] and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatics one of the main issues is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and  프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 ([https://www.google.com.gi/url?q=https://www.metooo.co.uk/u/66ed0866b6d67d6d17891692 https://www.google.com.gi/url?q=https://www.metooo.co.uk/U/66ed0866b6D67d6d17891692]) systematic account of the interface between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they're the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to debate back and forth between these two perspectives, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either semantics or pragmatics. For example certain scholars argue that if a statement has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different view, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways that the utterance may be interpreted and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and distant side approaches. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will entertain many possible exhausted interpretations of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any. This is why the exclusiveness implicature is so reliable compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses questions such as What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on the practical and sensible actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak gain meaning from and each other. It is typically thought of as a part of the language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics studies what the user intends to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded quickly in the past few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, that focuses on the concept of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has focused on a broad range of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding and production of requests by EFL learners and [http://border-designlab.com/maga/?wptouch_switch=desktop&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fpragmatickr.com%2F 프라그마틱 홈페이지] the role of theory of mind in physical and [https://all4kidsuk.com/track_this/5704$Company?url=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 홈페이지] 정품 [[http://srautas.one.lt/linkRedirect.do?follow=true&link=https%3A%2F%2Fpragmatickr.com%2F try this out]] mental metaphors. It has also been applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database utilized. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in the field of pragmatics research. However, their position differs based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors based on the number of publications they have published. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics. For example, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language than it is with truth, reference, [https://submit.escholarship.org/uc/search?smode=logThis;logLink=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] or grammar. It examines how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine if phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction is well-known, it is not always clear how they should be drawn. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, whereas others insist that this particular problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of language or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it examines how our notions of meaning and uses of languages influence our theories on how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a handful of issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isn't a discipline by itself because it studies how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring back to facts about what was actually said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this field ought to be considered an academic discipline because it studies how cultural and social factors influence the meaning and use language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances and the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in a sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the overall meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how context affects linguistic meaning. It analyzes how human language is utilized in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of speakers. Relevance Theory, for example is a study of the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also differing views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He claims semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with the content of what is said, while far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. It is because every culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in various situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and lots of research is conducted in this field. There are a myriad of areas of study, including computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics in the clinical and  [https://1.g9.yt/ragmatic41981 프라그마틱 불법] experimental sense.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics, like syntax, semantics and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research that is conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the role of lexical elements as well as the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the main questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an exhaustive, systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not well-defined and that they're the identical.<br><br>The debate over these positions is often an ongoing debate scholars argue that particular instances are a part of either semantics or pragmatics. For instance, some scholars argue that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different view and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways in which the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This approach is sometimes referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and distant side approaches. It tries to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words by illustrating the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 01:06, 26 November 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses questions such as What do people really think when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is focused on the practical and sensible actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide to your convictions.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak gain meaning from and each other. It is typically thought of as a part of the language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics studies what the user intends to convey, not what the actual meaning is.

As a research area, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded quickly in the past few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.

There are a variety of ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, that focuses on the concept of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have studied.

Research in pragmatics has focused on a broad range of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding and production of requests by EFL learners and 프라그마틱 홈페이지 the role of theory of mind in physical and 프라그마틱 홈페이지 정품 [try this out] mental metaphors. It has also been applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database utilized. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in the field of pragmatics research. However, their position differs based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors based on the number of publications they have published. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics. For example, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language than it is with truth, reference, 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 or grammar. It examines how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine if phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction is well-known, it is not always clear how they should be drawn. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, whereas others insist that this particular problem should be considered pragmatic.

Another issue is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of language or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it examines how our notions of meaning and uses of languages influence our theories on how languages work.

This debate has been fueled by a handful of issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isn't a discipline by itself because it studies how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring back to facts about what was actually said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this field ought to be considered an academic discipline because it studies how cultural and social factors influence the meaning and use language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances and the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in a sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the overall meaning of an utterance.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines how context affects linguistic meaning. It analyzes how human language is utilized in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.

Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of speakers. Relevance Theory, for example is a study of the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.

There are also differing views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He claims semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.

Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with the content of what is said, while far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are determined by pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. It is because every culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in various situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and lots of research is conducted in this field. There are a myriad of areas of study, including computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics in the clinical and 프라그마틱 불법 experimental sense.

How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics, like syntax, semantics and philosophy of language.

In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research that is conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the role of lexical elements as well as the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the main questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an exhaustive, systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not well-defined and that they're the identical.

The debate over these positions is often an ongoing debate scholars argue that particular instances are a part of either semantics or pragmatics. For instance, some scholars argue that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different view and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways in which the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This approach is sometimes referred to as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and distant side approaches. It tries to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words by illustrating the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when in comparison to other possible implicatures.