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Methods of Assessment for Adult ADHD<br><br>There are numerous methods for adults with ADHD to be assessed. There are many methods to test ADHD adults including the MMPI-2RF , NAT EEG test and the Wender Utah Rating Scale. Each of these tests is utilized in various ways to determine the symptoms of ADHD.<br><br>MMPI-2-RF<br><br>The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) is a test that assesses adult ADHD symptoms. It can be used in a variety of settings, such as correctional facilities, hospitals and psychopathology clinics.<br><br>The score protocol MMPI-2RF serves as a scoring system and technical guideline. It is designed to assist adults with ADHD diagnose accurately and with confidence.<br><br>This test was created in the 1930s and has been altered numerous times to increase its accuracy. Originally the test was an online self-report form. It was found that the test was not transparent and that respondents could easily identify the intent of its creator. Therefore, in the 1970s the test was extended to include more clinical scales. In addition, it was restructured to accommodate more culturally diverse values.<br><br>The MMPI-2RF contains 42 major scales. Each item consists of a set of questions that measure a psychological process. An item might assess the capacity of a person to cope in stressful situations or to deal with a particular situation. Other items can be used to determine if the symptom has an exaggerated appearance, for instance, if it occurs at a particular time of the week, or is absent.<br><br>Validity tests on symptoms are designed to detect intentional over-reporting or deception. They can also reveal random or fixed responses. These tests are essential when using the MMPI-2RF test to test adult ADHD.<br><br>While symptom validity tests can be useful to determine the validity and reliability of the MMPI-2RF, numerous studies have shown that they don't provide sufficient accuracy to make a valid classification. Numerous studies have concluded that the connection between ADHD symptomatology and the ACI is not significant.<br><br>The study involved a group of patients who reported self-reported ADHD symptoms and were given the CAT-A test as well as the MMPI-2RF. They were then compared to a non-credible [https://compravivienda.com/author/railcanada55/ adhd assessment for adults free] group.<br><br>A small sample size did not allow for a significant difference in the results between groups. Comparative analysis of psychiatric disorders with comorbidities was not able to reveal any significant rise in the baseline rates in the group that was not attentive.<br><br>Early studies on the CII revealed that it was more susceptible to fake or faked ADHD. However these findings were restricted to a subset of reported patients.<br><br>Wender Utah ADHD Rating Scale<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) is a self-report scale that is used to evaluate [https://olderworkers.com.au/author/llodv59rx7-marymarshall-co-uk/ adult adhd assessment london] ADHD. This scale is utilized to assess adult ADHD symptoms, including hyperactivity and impulsivity, trouble unwinding and social skills that are not as good, and difficulties unwinding. It has excellent diagnostic and predictive abilities as well as high test-retest reliability.<br><br>The WURS was created following a study by Ward, Wender, and Reimherr in the year 1993. The goal was to create an assessment tool to determine if ADHD might be an indication of personality disorders.<br><br>Over 30 studies have been published since then about the psychometrics and application of the WURS. A number of studies have studied the scale's discriminant as well as predictive properties. They discovered that the WURS has a high discriminant power and a large range of symptom categories.<br><br>For instance the WURS-25 score accurately identified 96% healthy controls and 86% adults suffering from ADHD. It also has internal consistency. This was proven by studying the factor structure of this scale.<br><br>It is vital to note that the WURS-25 self-report scale does not measure hyperactivity. There are many other scales, like the Brown ADD Rating Scale and the Connors Adult ADHD Rating Scale.<br><br>While the WURS-25 is a great option for screening children, it has been reported that it misclassifies half of the adult population. Therefore, it should be used with caution.<br><br>It is important to consider variables such as age and gender when conducting a clinical examination. If a patient has more than four marks, additional investigation is necessary. The use of a rating scale may help detect ADHD but it must be accompanied with a thorough diagnostic interview. These interviews may also include the list of comorbidities and functional disability indicators and psychopathological syndrome scores.<br><br>To evaluate the discriminant as well as predictive characteristics of the WURS-25 two analyses were conducted. The varimax rotation technique was used to determine the number of factors. Another method was to calculate the area under the curve. The WURS-25 has an even more precise factor structure than the WURS-25.<br><br>Neuropsychiatric EEG Based Assessment Aid (NEBAS System)<br><br>A Neuropsychiatric EEG-Based Assessment Aid (NEBAS) System for adult ADHD assessment can make a difference in diagnosing and treating this neurodevelopmental disorder. It is a clinical assessment tool that utilizes an EEG (electroencephalogram) to determine the beta/theta (TBR) and aid in the interpretation of the results. The NEBA is approved by the FDA and recommended for those aged between six and seventeen years old.<br><br>A clinician will conduct a thorough exam which includes physical and psychological tests as part of the evaluation. To assess the patient's clinical condition, they'll use various scales for symptom assessment as well as other diagnostic tests.<br><br>In addition to its medical applications, the quantitative EEG is used extensively in psychiatry and for treating various mental disorders. One of the benefits of this method of measurement is that it doesn't expose the patient to radiation.<br><br>However, its diagnostic power is limited by the lack of reproducible evidence and its interpretability. A NEBA report can confirm the diagnosis or recommend additional testing to improve the treatment.<br><br>Similar to fMRI, images that have clearly visible features can be easily applied. However it requires the patient to exert only a minimal amount of effort. Wearable devices, however, provide unparalleled access to physiological data. This article discusses the software and hardware that are required to design and implement a reliable NEBA.<br><br>There are many other ways to diagnose and treat ADHD. But, it is still difficult to determine ADHD with EEG. As a result, researchers have been interested in identifying new measurement methods that could help in making the diagnosis and treatment of this disease more precise and effective.<br><br>There are no SoCs (systems-on-chip) that are able to diagnose ADHD. This may be a possibility in the near future, but a combination of recent and forthcoming developments in this area has created the need for a solution.<br><br>Systems-on-chip play an important role in the development of EEG therapeutic systems. They are compact and portable, so they can be integrated into wearable devices or mobile devices. In addition, the development of a wearable device can enable access to massive amounts of data that can be utilized to enhance therapy.<br><br>In addition to the NEBA, a wearable device can be used to monitor mental health, sports activities, and other aspects of daily life. These devices can be powered by batteries, allowing them to be a portable solution.<br><br>Test NAT EEG<br><br>The Neuropsychiatric Electroencephalograph-Based ADHD Assessment Aid (NEBA) is an FDA approved electroencephalograph-based tool for diagnosing adults with ADHD. It is utilized in conjunction with a physician's medical evaluation. A NEBA report provides a doctor with a diagnosis and suggestions for further testing.<br><br>Young adults who suffer from ADHD have lower power in the alpha frequency range, and more power in the slow oscillatory frequency band. This suggests that adhd diagnostic assessment for adults; [https://glamorouslengths.com/author/weedmallet56/ Https://glamorouslengths.Com], symptoms could have a temporal component.<br><br>While previous studies have demonstrated that children and adolescents with ADHD have high power in the ta and beta bands, it remains not known if adults suffering from [https://articlescad.com/dont-believe-in-these-trends-about-adult-adhd-test-224678.html adhd assessment for adults] share the same physiologic characteristics. An examination of the power spectrums of EEGs of adults with ADHD and healthy controls was conducted.<br><br>Relative power was calculated for each frequency band for eyes-closed and open conditions. To identify potential outliers a modified thompson–tau procedure was used.<br><br>The study found that ADHD sufferers exhibit distinct behavioral characteristics, regardless of their specific diagnosis. While the study does not indicate a causal relationship between ADHD and behavior, the findings back the findings of Dr. Rosemary Tannock's Canada Research Chair in Adult ADHD.<br><br>The electrodes of the occcipital region showed less variation in the fast oscillatory band. However, the central electrode displayed less variation in this band. These findings suggest that a substantial part of the variance in the power of oscillation between ADHD and the control group is caused by the reduced power in the alpha band.<br><br>In adulthood, theta/beta and theta/alpha ratio demonstrated stronger group differences than the younger group. Adult [https://www.cheaperseeker.com/u/angleyak8 adhd assessment for adults cost] was related to a higher concentration of theta/beta.<br><br>The Canadian Institutes of Health Research confirmed the findings of the study. However it is necessary to conduct further research to better understand the developmental patterns of these biomarkers as well as determine their diagnostic specificity.<br><br>ADHD is an inability to develop of neural systems. The main contributors that contribute to the clinical phenotypic manifestation of ADHD are genetic, non-genetic, as well as environmental. If these causes are the cause of the dominant clinical outcome of ADHD is not clear.
Methods of Assessment for Adult ADHD<br><br>There are many methods of assessment for adults with ADHD. Some of these methods include the MMPI-2-RF test, the NAT EEG test, and the Wender Utah Rating Scale. Each test can be utilized in a different manner to determine adhd assessment for adults london ([https://poole-may-3.technetbloggers.de/how-adult-adhd-assessment-was-able-to-become-the-no-1-trend-on-social-media/ https://poole-may-3.technetbloggers.De/]) symptoms.<br><br>MMPI-2-RF<br><br>The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) is a test that assesses adult ADHD symptoms. It can be utilized in many settings, including correctional facilities, hospitals and psychopathology clinics.<br><br>The MMPI-2-RF manual is a technical manual and scoring system. It was designed to provide high-quality accuracy when assessing adult ADHD symptoms.<br><br>The test was first developed in the 1930s and was modified several times to improve its accuracy. Originally the test was an online self-report form. It was discovered that the test was not transparent and that respondents could easily discern the intentions of its creator. In the 1970s, the test was expanded to include more clinical scales. In addition it was reorganized to accommodate more diverse cultural values.<br><br>The MMPI-2RF contains 42 major scales. Each scale is composed of a set of questions designed to gauge the psychological processes. For instance, a test could measure the person's reaction to stress or a particular situation. Other items evaluate whether a symptom is exaggerated, if it is present at a specific time of the week, and if it's not there at any time.<br><br>Symptom validity tests are used to detect deliberate over-reporting and deceit. They also attempt to identify random or fixed responses. These tests are essential when using the MMPI-2RF test to assess adult ADHD.<br><br>Although symptom validity tests are beneficial in evaluating the validity of the MMPI-2-RFtest, a number studies have found that they do not offer satisfactory classification accuracy. Several studies have found that the connection between ADHD symptoms and ACI is not significant.<br><br>In these studies, a group of patients with suspected or suspected-to-be-true self-reported ADHD symptoms were administered the CAT-A as well as the MMPI-2 RF. They were then compared with an unreliable ADHD group.<br><br>A small sample size did not allow for a significant distinction in the results between the two groups. A comparison of the comorbid classes of psychiatric diagnoses did not show any significant increase in the baseline rates of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses in the inattentive group.<br><br>Initial studies of the CII revealed that it was more sensitive to fake or faked ADHD. These findings were however limited to a subset of patients who had reported their ADHD as excessively.<br><br>Wender Utah ADHD Rating Scale<br><br>The Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) is a self-report scale that is used [https://haas-freeman-4.technetbloggers.de/is-adhd-in-adults-online-test-really-as-vital-as-everyone-says/ how to get assessed for adhd as an adult] evaluate adult ADHD. The scale is used to evaluate the symptoms of adult ADHD which include hyperactivity, inattention, difficulty unwinding, and poor social abilities. It has high diagnostic and predictive abilities, as well as high test-retest reliability.<br><br>The WURS was developed following the findings of Ward, Wender, and Reimherr in 1993. Their aim was to create an assessment to determine if ADHD may be an indication of dysfunctional personality traits.<br><br>Since then, over 30 studies have been published on the psychometrics of the WURS. A number of studies have investigated the scale's discriminant and predictive capabilities. The WURS has a significant discriminant power and an array of symptoms.<br><br>For instance, the WURS-25 score correctly identified 96% healthy controls and 86% adults suffering from ADHD. It also has internal consistency. This was proved by studying the factor structure of this scale.<br><br>It is important to understand that the WURS-25 isn't the only self-report scale that measures hyperactivity. There are many other scales, including the Brown ADD Rating Scale or the Connors Adult ADHD Rating Scale.<br><br>While the WURS-25 is an excellent option for screening children, it has been found to misclassify half of adults. Therefore, it should be used with caution.<br><br>When conducting a clinical assessment it is important to consider factors such as gender, age and social situations. If a patient has more than four marks, further investigation is necessary. A rating scale can be used to detect ADHD. However it should be done by a thorough diagnostic interview. These interviews could also include the checklist of comorbid conditions, functional disability measures, and psychopathological syndrome scores.<br><br>To measure the discriminant and predictive properties of the WURS-25 two analyses were performed. The varimax rotation method was employed to determine the amount of factors. The other was to calculate the area under the curve. The WURS-25 has an exact factor structure than the WURS-25.<br><br>Neuropsychiatric EEG Based Assessment Aid (NEBAS System)<br><br>A Neuropsychiatric EEG-Based Assessment Aid (NEBAS) System for adult ADHD assessment can make a difference when diagnosing and treating this neurodevelopmental disorder. It is a diagnostic tool that employs an electroencephalogram (EEG) to assess the beta/theta ratio (TBR) and to help interpret the results. The NEBA is approved by the FDA and recommended for those aged between six and seventeen years old.<br><br>As part of the evaluation, a clinician will perform an extensive psychological and physical tests. They will also use different symptom scales and other diagnostic tests to assess the patient's medical condition.<br><br>In addition to its medical applications, quantifiable EEG is used extensively in psychiatry for treatment of various mental disorders. One of the advantages of this measurement is that it does not expose the patient to radiation.<br><br>However, its diagnostic value is limited by the lack of reproducible evidence and its interpretability. A NEBA report can confirm the diagnosis or recommend additional testing to improve the treatment.<br><br>In the same way, fMRI gives images that have clearly visible features that can be easily implemented. Nonetheless, it requires a patient to work at a minimum. However, wearable devices give an unprecedented access to the physiological data. This article will review the hardware and software required to design and implement a successful NEBA.<br><br>There are a variety of other ways to diagnose and treat [https://hsu-loomis-2.blogbright.net/15-best-twitter-accounts-to-find-out-more-about-assessments-for-adhd-in-adults/ adhd assessment uk adults]. However, a traditional EEG-based diagnosis of ADHD is still elusive. Researchers are looking at new measurement techniques that can help diagnose and treat this condition more accurately and efficiently.<br><br>There are currently no SoCs (systems-on-chip) that can diagnose ADHD. While this is something to look forward to, a combination of existing and planned developments in the field has created the need for an effective solution.<br><br>Systems-on-chips are an essential component of the evolution of EEG therapeutic systems. Their small size and power efficiency can allow them to be incorporated into wearable or portable devices. Wearable devices are also possible, which could allow access to massive quantities of data that could aid in improving therapy.<br><br>Besides the NEBA as a device for wear, wearable devices can also monitor mental health, sports activities and other aspects of daily life. These devices can be powered by batteries, which makes them an ideal mobile solution.<br><br>The NAT EEG test<br><br>The Neuropsychiatric Electroencephalograph-Based ADHD Assessment Aid (NEBA) is an FDA approved electroencephalograph-based tool for diagnosing adults with ADHD. It is used as a supplement to a doctor's clinical evaluation. A NEBA report provides a doctor with the diagnosis and suggests for further testing.<br><br>Young adults who suffer from ADHD have lower power in the alpha frequency band and higher power in the slow oscillatory frequency band. This suggests that ADHD features have a temporal component.<br><br>While previous studies have demonstrated that adolescents and children with ADHD have high levels of power in the theta and beta bands, it remains unclear if adults with ADHD share the same physiologic characteristics. An examination of the power spectrums of EEGs of adults with ADHD and healthy controls was conducted.<br><br>Relative power was computed for each frequency band for eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions. A modified thompson tau method was used to analyze possible outliers.<br><br>The study showed that ADHD sufferers exhibit distinct behavioral characteristics regardless of their diagnosis. Although the study doesn't demonstrate ADHD to be causally connected to behavior, it is a strong argument in favor of Dr. Rosemary Tannock’s Canada Research Chair for Adult [https://championsleage.review/wiki/4_Dirty_Little_Secrets_About_The_ADHD_Assessment_For_Adults_Free_Industry adhd in adults assessment].<br><br>Occipital electrodes showed less variance in the fast oscillatory band. The central electrode showed less variation in this band. These results suggest that a major portion of the variation in the oscillatory power of ADHD and the control group is caused by the decreased power in the alpha band.<br><br>In adulthood, theta/beta ratio and theta/alpha ration showed greater distinctions between groups than those in the younger group. The higher theta/beta ratio was a sign of a positive connection with adult [https://scientific-programs.science/wiki/The_Top_Adhd_In_Adults_Medication_Tricks_For_Changing_Your_Life adhd assessment tools for adults online].<br><br>The Canadian Institutes of Health Research confirmed the findings of the study. However, further research is required to better understand the development patterns of these candidate biomarkers as well as determine their diagnostic specificity.<br><br>ADHD is a delay in the development of neural systems. The clinical phenotypic presentation is caused by a variety including environmental, genetic and non-genetic. It is not clear whether these causes contribute to ADHD's clinical predominant outcome.

Revision as of 20:56, 26 November 2024

Methods of Assessment for Adult ADHD

There are many methods of assessment for adults with ADHD. Some of these methods include the MMPI-2-RF test, the NAT EEG test, and the Wender Utah Rating Scale. Each test can be utilized in a different manner to determine adhd assessment for adults london (https://poole-may-3.technetbloggers.De/) symptoms.

MMPI-2-RF

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) is a test that assesses adult ADHD symptoms. It can be utilized in many settings, including correctional facilities, hospitals and psychopathology clinics.

The MMPI-2-RF manual is a technical manual and scoring system. It was designed to provide high-quality accuracy when assessing adult ADHD symptoms.

The test was first developed in the 1930s and was modified several times to improve its accuracy. Originally the test was an online self-report form. It was discovered that the test was not transparent and that respondents could easily discern the intentions of its creator. In the 1970s, the test was expanded to include more clinical scales. In addition it was reorganized to accommodate more diverse cultural values.

The MMPI-2RF contains 42 major scales. Each scale is composed of a set of questions designed to gauge the psychological processes. For instance, a test could measure the person's reaction to stress or a particular situation. Other items evaluate whether a symptom is exaggerated, if it is present at a specific time of the week, and if it's not there at any time.

Symptom validity tests are used to detect deliberate over-reporting and deceit. They also attempt to identify random or fixed responses. These tests are essential when using the MMPI-2RF test to assess adult ADHD.

Although symptom validity tests are beneficial in evaluating the validity of the MMPI-2-RFtest, a number studies have found that they do not offer satisfactory classification accuracy. Several studies have found that the connection between ADHD symptoms and ACI is not significant.

In these studies, a group of patients with suspected or suspected-to-be-true self-reported ADHD symptoms were administered the CAT-A as well as the MMPI-2 RF. They were then compared with an unreliable ADHD group.

A small sample size did not allow for a significant distinction in the results between the two groups. A comparison of the comorbid classes of psychiatric diagnoses did not show any significant increase in the baseline rates of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses in the inattentive group.

Initial studies of the CII revealed that it was more sensitive to fake or faked ADHD. These findings were however limited to a subset of patients who had reported their ADHD as excessively.

Wender Utah ADHD Rating Scale

The Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) is a self-report scale that is used how to get assessed for adhd as an adult evaluate adult ADHD. The scale is used to evaluate the symptoms of adult ADHD which include hyperactivity, inattention, difficulty unwinding, and poor social abilities. It has high diagnostic and predictive abilities, as well as high test-retest reliability.

The WURS was developed following the findings of Ward, Wender, and Reimherr in 1993. Their aim was to create an assessment to determine if ADHD may be an indication of dysfunctional personality traits.

Since then, over 30 studies have been published on the psychometrics of the WURS. A number of studies have investigated the scale's discriminant and predictive capabilities. The WURS has a significant discriminant power and an array of symptoms.

For instance, the WURS-25 score correctly identified 96% healthy controls and 86% adults suffering from ADHD. It also has internal consistency. This was proved by studying the factor structure of this scale.

It is important to understand that the WURS-25 isn't the only self-report scale that measures hyperactivity. There are many other scales, including the Brown ADD Rating Scale or the Connors Adult ADHD Rating Scale.

While the WURS-25 is an excellent option for screening children, it has been found to misclassify half of adults. Therefore, it should be used with caution.

When conducting a clinical assessment it is important to consider factors such as gender, age and social situations. If a patient has more than four marks, further investigation is necessary. A rating scale can be used to detect ADHD. However it should be done by a thorough diagnostic interview. These interviews could also include the checklist of comorbid conditions, functional disability measures, and psychopathological syndrome scores.

To measure the discriminant and predictive properties of the WURS-25 two analyses were performed. The varimax rotation method was employed to determine the amount of factors. The other was to calculate the area under the curve. The WURS-25 has an exact factor structure than the WURS-25.

Neuropsychiatric EEG Based Assessment Aid (NEBAS System)

A Neuropsychiatric EEG-Based Assessment Aid (NEBAS) System for adult ADHD assessment can make a difference when diagnosing and treating this neurodevelopmental disorder. It is a diagnostic tool that employs an electroencephalogram (EEG) to assess the beta/theta ratio (TBR) and to help interpret the results. The NEBA is approved by the FDA and recommended for those aged between six and seventeen years old.

As part of the evaluation, a clinician will perform an extensive psychological and physical tests. They will also use different symptom scales and other diagnostic tests to assess the patient's medical condition.

In addition to its medical applications, quantifiable EEG is used extensively in psychiatry for treatment of various mental disorders. One of the advantages of this measurement is that it does not expose the patient to radiation.

However, its diagnostic value is limited by the lack of reproducible evidence and its interpretability. A NEBA report can confirm the diagnosis or recommend additional testing to improve the treatment.

In the same way, fMRI gives images that have clearly visible features that can be easily implemented. Nonetheless, it requires a patient to work at a minimum. However, wearable devices give an unprecedented access to the physiological data. This article will review the hardware and software required to design and implement a successful NEBA.

There are a variety of other ways to diagnose and treat adhd assessment uk adults. However, a traditional EEG-based diagnosis of ADHD is still elusive. Researchers are looking at new measurement techniques that can help diagnose and treat this condition more accurately and efficiently.

There are currently no SoCs (systems-on-chip) that can diagnose ADHD. While this is something to look forward to, a combination of existing and planned developments in the field has created the need for an effective solution.

Systems-on-chips are an essential component of the evolution of EEG therapeutic systems. Their small size and power efficiency can allow them to be incorporated into wearable or portable devices. Wearable devices are also possible, which could allow access to massive quantities of data that could aid in improving therapy.

Besides the NEBA as a device for wear, wearable devices can also monitor mental health, sports activities and other aspects of daily life. These devices can be powered by batteries, which makes them an ideal mobile solution.

The NAT EEG test

The Neuropsychiatric Electroencephalograph-Based ADHD Assessment Aid (NEBA) is an FDA approved electroencephalograph-based tool for diagnosing adults with ADHD. It is used as a supplement to a doctor's clinical evaluation. A NEBA report provides a doctor with the diagnosis and suggests for further testing.

Young adults who suffer from ADHD have lower power in the alpha frequency band and higher power in the slow oscillatory frequency band. This suggests that ADHD features have a temporal component.

While previous studies have demonstrated that adolescents and children with ADHD have high levels of power in the theta and beta bands, it remains unclear if adults with ADHD share the same physiologic characteristics. An examination of the power spectrums of EEGs of adults with ADHD and healthy controls was conducted.

Relative power was computed for each frequency band for eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions. A modified thompson tau method was used to analyze possible outliers.

The study showed that ADHD sufferers exhibit distinct behavioral characteristics regardless of their diagnosis. Although the study doesn't demonstrate ADHD to be causally connected to behavior, it is a strong argument in favor of Dr. Rosemary Tannock’s Canada Research Chair for Adult adhd in adults assessment.

Occipital electrodes showed less variance in the fast oscillatory band. The central electrode showed less variation in this band. These results suggest that a major portion of the variation in the oscillatory power of ADHD and the control group is caused by the decreased power in the alpha band.

In adulthood, theta/beta ratio and theta/alpha ration showed greater distinctions between groups than those in the younger group. The higher theta/beta ratio was a sign of a positive connection with adult adhd assessment tools for adults online.

The Canadian Institutes of Health Research confirmed the findings of the study. However, further research is required to better understand the development patterns of these candidate biomarkers as well as determine their diagnostic specificity.

ADHD is a delay in the development of neural systems. The clinical phenotypic presentation is caused by a variety including environmental, genetic and non-genetic. It is not clear whether these causes contribute to ADHD's clinical predominant outcome.