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Assessing ADHD in Adults<br><br>It is crucial to examine individuals suffering from adhd in order to establish an accurate diagnosis. This can be a daunting job. There are many methods to assess adhd ([https://private-psychiatrist06172.corpfinwiki.com/8314353/the_next_big_thing_in_adhd_assessments_uk private-Psychiatrist06172.corpfinwiki.com]), including structured clinical interviews and self-report rating scales. But just because these procedures are widely used doesn't mean that they're simple to carry out.<br><br>Interview with a parent or child<br><br>A parent-child interview is a crucial part of the evaluation of children suffering from [https://psychiatrist03348.wikiworldstock.com/828842/3_ways_that_the_adult_adhd_assessment_can_affect_your_life adhd assessment scotland]. It provides important information to the doctor about the phenomenological and as well being the ecological validity of the child's symptoms. The information provided should be compared with other data sources to establish an accurate diagnosis.<br><br>The key to a successful interview is to present specific and specific questions. Avoid asking too much about the parents' personal issues. Be careful not to interpret any informal observations of the child's behavior as a form of judgement.<br><br>Pervasiveness is one of the most important criteria to diagnose ADHD. CHATTI is a good indicator of the pervasiveness of symptoms. It is easy and efficient in assessing teacher-reported total symptoms scores.<br><br>Another tool that is useful is the questionnaire. Questionnaires are easy to administer and can show high reliability. However, they could be biased by rater bias.<br><br>The parent/child interview is an important component of the evaluation. However, it can be criticized for its lack of accuracy. The process of assessing children can make parents annoyed, and for certain parents, the interview could be a therapeutic experience.<br><br>Clinical evaluation should be conducted in conjunction with parent/child interviews. It is crucial to look over all records that pertain to the child. The clinician will get an understanding of the child's psychological profile by looking over the medical and psychoeducational records.<br><br>Other factors to be considered are the nature of the referral. A referral for an ADHD diagnosis could be indicated by a child's behaviour issues. Family stress could also be a potential source of [https://privateadhdassessment34443.thenerdsblog.com/34116643/the-reason-adhd-assessment-is-so-beneficial-in-covid-19 adhd assessment london] symptoms.<br><br>A successful interview should include an appropriate mix of standardized tests and interactions between parents and their children. If the examiner is planning to conduct an interview with a child of a minority, he or she should make every effort to follow the standards of the culture.<br><br>The most significant aspect of an interview between a child and a parental figure is the relationship the examiner forms with the parent. A diagnosis can be determined if the examiner develops a rapport with the parent as well as the interview details are.<br><br>The interview should be considered as a positive component of a thorough and precise assessment of the child’s emotional as well as behavioral strengths and weaknesses. Obtaining an accurate diagnosis will not only allow for appropriate treatment, but can be a good indicator of the child's path of development.<br><br>Self-report rating scales<br><br>Rating scales are useful in the assessment of ADHD in adults. They can be utilized by health professionals, parents, caregivers, and many others. There are various types of scales for rating available and they can be used to assess the different behavioral symptoms associated with ADHD.<br><br>The Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS) is a self-report questionnaire that measures ADHD in adults. Its v1.1 version contains 18 questions. Part A questions ask subjects to rate their symptoms. Part B tests measure the severity of symptoms. These two tests have been extensively studied and there is an abundance of research on their accuracy.<br><br>ASRS has a high degree of concurrent validity. Furthermore, the questions are based on DSM criteria, and they are designed to detect signs of ADHD. The frequency scores show the severity of the symptoms' impact on the patient's everyday life.<br><br>These test tools are very popular, but the correlation between their accuracy and the actual diagnostic use of these tests isn't certain. One study found that only 7 percent of children who took an executive function test such as the Stanford-Binet Scale or the Attention Deficit Disorder Test, found a positive correlation between those tests and the results of the ASRS.<br><br>There are mixed results in studies on the relationship between ADHD self-report scales and executive function tests. This may be due to the insufficient specificity of the tests themselves. The ADHD self-report results haven't been proven to be correlated with attentional performance, or other aspects of the EF.<br><br>Although these tests aren't 100% accurate, they are an effective way to determine the likelihood of someone having ADHD. If someone is diagnosed with ADHD then the scores on these tests will be above 60. Typically the answer to a question like "How often do you have difficulty in concentrating?" is scored positively, because the answers "Never," "Not Very Often," and "Always" are all negative.<br><br>Certain scales can also inquire about ADHD-related disorders like depression. In actuality, a short version of the CDC's checklist for depression is available.<br><br>Interview with a structured clinical basis<br><br>In establishing a diagnosis of ADHD for adults, a medical interview is the most commonly used method. This technique is often used in conjunction with other methods. These tools include cognitive testing, behavioral rating scales as well as self-report measurements. Combining these diagnostic tools has been shown to be more accurate than using individual tools.<br><br>Patients are asked to explain their core symptoms in different situations during a clinical interview. This helps clinicians assess the impact of these symptoms on daily life and determine if the patient suffers from ADHD. These charts also give more information about the patient's struggles with specific ADHD symptoms.<br><br>When making use of ADHD behavior rating scales, it is crucial to include informants who are able to confirm the patient's past. Insufficient information can lead over-reporting symptoms. Informants can be a spouse as well as an employer or other significant people in the adult's life. Averaging is the best method to combine these ratings.<br><br>Cognitive testing is an important element in diagnosing ADHD in adults. It improves the accuracy of the assessment battery. It is particularly useful for monitoring treatment responses. Research has demonstrated that cognitive testing paired with ADHD behavior rating scales are more effective than relying only on one.<br><br>Adults with [https://private-psychiatrist31989.wonderkingwiki.com/822095/speak_yes_to_these_5_assessments_for_adhd_tips adhd diagnostic assessment london] are often unable to comprehend the cause of their behavioral issues. It can be difficult to determine ADHD. Research indicates that some of the symptoms that are most efficient in identifying adults suffering from ADHD are those related to concentration and memory.<br><br>ADHD adults have a higher prevalence of co-morbidities than ADHD children. Research suggests that comorbidities can influence the subjective symptoms. Therefore, future studies should examine the effects of medications and psychological disorders that are comorbid.<br><br>There is a lot of research on the reliability of the scales [https://edwinbmsyb.tinyblogging.com/15-of-the-top-adhd-assessment-london-bloggers-you-must-follow-72194260 assessed for adhd] behavioral rating for people with ADHD. One study found that the DIVA and the BAARS-IV were the most accurate. However these instruments are subjective. Researchers suggest that you get these ratings from people who are knowledgeable.<br><br>A structured clinical interview is a great tool for assessing adults with ADHD. In addition to providing standardized questions, it comes with modules that evaluate developmental information and symptomatology according to DSM criteria.<br><br>Testing for neuropsychological and psychological testing<br><br>Psychological and neuropsychological tests used to determine ADHD in adults could be useful instruments. These tests aid in diagnosing brain disorders and neurological injuries, and provide guidance to treatment strategies.<br><br>Psychological tests can be used to assess a variety of mental functions and behavior. They can also be used for diagnosing learning disabilities and developmental disabilities. These test results can be compared with the results of people of similar age.<br><br>A neuropsychological assessment that is a complete standardized test of the brain that measures various mental functions, is called a neuropsychological assessment. This kind of test is usually administered by a professional such as psychologists or psychiatrists. The most commonly used tests are based on answering questions and doing tasks using a computer.<br><br>Some tests of psychological testing measure intellectual abilities, including reasoning and memory and other abilities, like attention and multitasking. These tests are used to assess cognitive ability and not to assess injury. A person can still have cognitive issues if they suffer from a neurologic condition, injury or other ailments. This can cause cognitive changes.<br><br>Tests for ADHD for adults could include tests of attention memory, memory, language and other skills. They are designed to determine differences in mental functioning between healthy people and those with a disability. In general, ADHD patients are more distracted than healthy adults, especially when doing tasks that require a lot of concentration and abstract problem solving.<br><br>To help diagnose ADHD in adults, neuropsychological and psychological testing are often used. This is due to the fact that [https://private-adhd-assessment99526.csublogs.com/34617409/a-proficient-rant-concerning-adhd-private-assessment adhd assessment in uk] symptoms are predominantly neurocognitive in the nature. It is characterized by difficulties with short-term memory and processing of words. It is important to keep in mind that these symptoms aren't the core symptoms of the disorder.<br><br>The results of the psychological and neuropsychological tests that are used to determine ADHD in adults can be used to develop treatment strategies and intervention plans. The results are documented in a personal report which includes a description of the symptoms and treatment suggestions, as well as recommendations for further investigation. The results of the test could be used to screen for other ailments.<br><br>A one-on one assessment for ADHD in adults takes place. During the test, a certified clinical psychologist evaluates a patient's medical history, developmental milestones, and behavior. He or she also talks to the patient about his or her concerns, and provides recommendations for treatment.
Assessing ADHD in Adults<br><br>Analyzing the prevalence of adhd in adulthood is essential to establish the right diagnosis of this condition, which can be an overwhelming process. There are many methods to [http://delphi.larsbo.org/user/nameonion2 assess adhd], including structured clinical interviews and self-report rating scales. But just because these procedures are well-known doesn't mean that they're easy to implement.<br><br>Parent/child interview<br><br>A parent/child conversation is a crucial part of the evaluation of children with ADHD. It provides important information to the doctor about the phenomenological and as well being the ecological validity of the child's symptoms. The information provided should be compared with other information to establish a correct diagnosis.<br><br>The key to a successful interview is to have specific and concrete questions. Don't ask too many questions about parents' personal concerns. Be careful not to interpret too much informal observations about the child's behavior.<br><br>Pervasiveness is an important criterion to determine ADHD. A good measure of the extent to which a symptom is pervasive is CHATTI. It is easy and effective in evaluating teacher-reported total symptoms scores.<br><br>Another useful tool is the questionnaire. Questionnaires are easy to administer and have high levels of reliability. However, they could be biased by rater bias.<br><br>The parent/child interview is a significant part of the test. But, it can be criticised for its inaccuracy. The process of testing can leave parents annoyed, and for certain the interview can be a therapeutic experience.<br><br>Clinical evaluation should be conducted in conjunction with parent/child interviews. A thorough review of the child's previous records should be conducted. The clinician can learn more about the child's psychological health by reviewing his or her medical and psychoeducational records.<br><br>The nature of the referral is a crucial factor to consider. A child's behavior problems could indicate that a referral is necessary to confirm an ADHD diagnosis. There is also the possibility of stress from the family as a potential cause of the child's problems.<br><br>An effective interview should comprise an appropriate mix of standard testing and interactions with parents/children. If the examiner plans to conduct an interview with a child of a minority, he or she should make every effort to adhere to cultural standards.<br><br>The most important thing to consider in an interview with a child or parent parent is the relationship the examiner establishes with the parent. The rapport, along with the information gathered during the interview, can be used to make an accurate diagnosis.<br><br>The interview should be considered as a positive element of a thorough and precise assessment of the child's emotional, behavioral, and social strengths and weaknesses. A clear diagnosis will help to determine the child's growth and allow for the best treatment.<br><br>Self-report scales for rating<br><br>Rating scales can be useful in assessing ADHD in adults. They can be utilized by healthcare providers, including clinicians, providers as well as caregivers and parents, and many others. There are a variety of rating scales that can be used in assessing the symptoms of ADHD.<br><br>The Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS) is a self-report survey that evaluates ADHD in adults. Its v1.1 version contains 18 questions. Part A questions ask subjects to rate their symptoms and Part B questions test the severity of the symptoms. Both tests have been thoroughly studied and there is a lot of research on their accuracy.<br><br>ASRS has a high degree of concurrent validity. Furthermore the questions are designed around DSM criteria, and they are designed to detect symptoms of ADHD. The frequency scores that are correlated provide indications of the level of the impact of symptoms on the life of the patient.<br><br>These tests are extremely popular, yet the correlation between their accuracy and the actual diagnostic use of these tests isn't evident. One study found that only 7 percent of children who took an executive function test such as the Stanford-Binet Scale or the Attention Deficit Disorder Test, showed a positive relationship between those tests and the results of the ASRS.<br><br>The research on the relationship between the executive function tests and the ADHD self-report scales has yielded mixed results. This could be due in part to the lack of specificity of the tests. The ADHD self-report results have not been shown to be correlated with attentional performance or other aspects of the EF.<br><br>While these measures are not perfect, they are still a good way to evaluate the possibility of having ADHD. If someone is diagnosed with ADHD then the scores on these tests will be over 60. Typically, the answer to a question like "[https://www.google.co.ck/url?q=https://click4r.com/posts/g/18242480/10-adhd-assessment-kent-tricks-all-experts-recommend how do i get my son assessed for adhd] often do you have difficulty concentration?" will be scored positively, because the answers "Never," "Not Very Often," and "Always" are all negative.<br><br>Some scales may also ask about ADHD-related problems such as depression. A shorter version of checklist by the CDC is available.<br><br>Structured clinical interview<br><br>To determine if you have ADHD in adults, a medical interview is the most widely used method. This technique is often used in conjunction with other methods. These tools include behavioral rating scales Cognitive testing, cognitive testing, and self-report measures. Combining these diagnostic tools has proven to be more accurate than the individual tools.<br><br>In a consultation, patients describe their core symptoms in a variety of settings. This allows the clinicians to assess the patient's daily life and determine if they suffer from ADHD. They also give a clearer picture of the patient's difficulty with specific [https://bradford-callahan-2.blogbright.net/5-must-know-practices-for-adhd-assessment-cost-in-2024/ adhd assessment uk online] symptoms.<br><br>When making use of ADHD behavior rating scales, it's crucial to include informants [https://www.google.com.ai/url?q=https://telegra.ph/Is-Your-Company-Responsible-For-The-ADHD-Assessment-Budget-12-Best-Ways-To-Spend-Your-Money-10-15 who adhd assessment] are able to confirm the patient's past. Insufficient information could lead to over-reporting symptoms. Informants could be spouses or employer, as well as other significant person in an adult's life. Averaging is the best method to combine these ratings.<br><br>Cognitive testing is an essential element in diagnosing [https://www.google.com.pk/url?q=https://telegra.ph/Are-ADHD-Assessments-As-Crucial-As-Everyone-Says-10-15 adhd self assessment test] in adults. It improves the precision of the assessment battery. It is particularly useful in monitoring treatment reactions. Research has proven that cognitive testing coupled with ADHD behavior rating scales are more effective than relying solely on one.<br><br>Adults suffering from ADHD often have difficulties understanding the root of their behavior problems. In the end, the diagnosis of their condition could be elusive. Research has revealed that some the symptoms that are most effective in identifying adults with ADHD are those that are connected to memory and concentration.<br><br>Adults suffering from ADHD have a higher incidence of comorbidities than children. Research has shown that comorbidities can affect the subjective symptoms. Future studies should study the effects of medication and psychological disorders that are comorbid.<br><br>There has been a lot of research conducted regarding the reliability and accuracy of scales for behavioral ratings used to identify ADHD in adults. One study found that the DIVA and the BAARS-IV were the most precise. However these instruments are subjective. Researchers suggest that it is important to get these ratings from experts.<br><br>A structured clinical interview is a perfect method to evaluate adults suffering from ADHD. It not only collects standard questions, but also modules that evaluate the development of the child as well as symptomatology in accordance with DSM criteria.<br><br>Neuropsychological and psychological testing<br><br>The tests of psychological and neuropsychological testing to evaluate ADHD for adults can be useful tools. These tests can help diagnose neurological problems or brain disorders and offer guidance on treatment plans.<br><br>Psychological tests are used to determine various mental functions and behavior. They can also be used in diagnosing developmental and learning disabilities. The results of these tests can be compared with those of normal people of the same age.<br><br>A neuropsychological examination is a standardized, comprehensive test of the brain, which measures various mental functions. This type of testing is usually conducted by a professional, like a psychiatrist or psychologist. Most tests involve answering questions and completing tasks on computers.<br><br>Psychological tests can measure intelligence, such as memory and reasoning skills in addition to other aspects like attention and multitasking. These types of tests are designed to gauge cognitive ability without injury. People can have cognitive problems if they have a neurologic condition, injury, or other conditions. This could lead to cognitive changes.<br><br>Adult ADHD tests may include tests of memory, attention, language, or other abilities. These tests are used to distinguish between people with disabilities and healthy ones. Typically, ADHD patients are more distracted than healthy adults, particularly when working with tasks that require sustained concentration and abstract problem solving.<br><br>Psychological and neuropsychological testing to assess adult [https://lovewiki.faith/wiki/The_Most_Hilarious_Complaints_Weve_Received_About_ADHD_Assessment adhd assessment cost uk] is often used to help find an accurate diagnosis of the disorder. This is due to the fact that ADHD symptoms are mostly neurocognitive in nature. Some of the symptoms are difficulty with short-term memory and verbal processing. It is important to keep in mind that these are just core symptoms of the disorder.<br><br>The results of neuropsychological and psychological tests for assessing ADHD in adults can be used in the development of treatment plans and create an intervention strategy. Results are written up in an individual report that includes a description the symptoms and treatment suggestions, as well as the recommendation for further investigation. Based on the results of the test the health professional may conduct additional tests to screen for other conditions.<br><br>A one-on one assessment for ADHD in adults takes place. During the evaluation the psychologist who is trained analyzes a patient's medical history as well as developmental milestones and behavior. The psychologist also discusses with the patient his or her concerns and offers recommendations for treatment.

Revision as of 02:24, 15 December 2024

Assessing ADHD in Adults

Analyzing the prevalence of adhd in adulthood is essential to establish the right diagnosis of this condition, which can be an overwhelming process. There are many methods to assess adhd, including structured clinical interviews and self-report rating scales. But just because these procedures are well-known doesn't mean that they're easy to implement.

Parent/child interview

A parent/child conversation is a crucial part of the evaluation of children with ADHD. It provides important information to the doctor about the phenomenological and as well being the ecological validity of the child's symptoms. The information provided should be compared with other information to establish a correct diagnosis.

The key to a successful interview is to have specific and concrete questions. Don't ask too many questions about parents' personal concerns. Be careful not to interpret too much informal observations about the child's behavior.

Pervasiveness is an important criterion to determine ADHD. A good measure of the extent to which a symptom is pervasive is CHATTI. It is easy and effective in evaluating teacher-reported total symptoms scores.

Another useful tool is the questionnaire. Questionnaires are easy to administer and have high levels of reliability. However, they could be biased by rater bias.

The parent/child interview is a significant part of the test. But, it can be criticised for its inaccuracy. The process of testing can leave parents annoyed, and for certain the interview can be a therapeutic experience.

Clinical evaluation should be conducted in conjunction with parent/child interviews. A thorough review of the child's previous records should be conducted. The clinician can learn more about the child's psychological health by reviewing his or her medical and psychoeducational records.

The nature of the referral is a crucial factor to consider. A child's behavior problems could indicate that a referral is necessary to confirm an ADHD diagnosis. There is also the possibility of stress from the family as a potential cause of the child's problems.

An effective interview should comprise an appropriate mix of standard testing and interactions with parents/children. If the examiner plans to conduct an interview with a child of a minority, he or she should make every effort to adhere to cultural standards.

The most important thing to consider in an interview with a child or parent parent is the relationship the examiner establishes with the parent. The rapport, along with the information gathered during the interview, can be used to make an accurate diagnosis.

The interview should be considered as a positive element of a thorough and precise assessment of the child's emotional, behavioral, and social strengths and weaknesses. A clear diagnosis will help to determine the child's growth and allow for the best treatment.

Self-report scales for rating

Rating scales can be useful in assessing ADHD in adults. They can be utilized by healthcare providers, including clinicians, providers as well as caregivers and parents, and many others. There are a variety of rating scales that can be used in assessing the symptoms of ADHD.

The Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS) is a self-report survey that evaluates ADHD in adults. Its v1.1 version contains 18 questions. Part A questions ask subjects to rate their symptoms and Part B questions test the severity of the symptoms. Both tests have been thoroughly studied and there is a lot of research on their accuracy.

ASRS has a high degree of concurrent validity. Furthermore the questions are designed around DSM criteria, and they are designed to detect symptoms of ADHD. The frequency scores that are correlated provide indications of the level of the impact of symptoms on the life of the patient.

These tests are extremely popular, yet the correlation between their accuracy and the actual diagnostic use of these tests isn't evident. One study found that only 7 percent of children who took an executive function test such as the Stanford-Binet Scale or the Attention Deficit Disorder Test, showed a positive relationship between those tests and the results of the ASRS.

The research on the relationship between the executive function tests and the ADHD self-report scales has yielded mixed results. This could be due in part to the lack of specificity of the tests. The ADHD self-report results have not been shown to be correlated with attentional performance or other aspects of the EF.

While these measures are not perfect, they are still a good way to evaluate the possibility of having ADHD. If someone is diagnosed with ADHD then the scores on these tests will be over 60. Typically, the answer to a question like "how do i get my son assessed for adhd often do you have difficulty concentration?" will be scored positively, because the answers "Never," "Not Very Often," and "Always" are all negative.

Some scales may also ask about ADHD-related problems such as depression. A shorter version of checklist by the CDC is available.

Structured clinical interview

To determine if you have ADHD in adults, a medical interview is the most widely used method. This technique is often used in conjunction with other methods. These tools include behavioral rating scales Cognitive testing, cognitive testing, and self-report measures. Combining these diagnostic tools has proven to be more accurate than the individual tools.

In a consultation, patients describe their core symptoms in a variety of settings. This allows the clinicians to assess the patient's daily life and determine if they suffer from ADHD. They also give a clearer picture of the patient's difficulty with specific adhd assessment uk online symptoms.

When making use of ADHD behavior rating scales, it's crucial to include informants who adhd assessment are able to confirm the patient's past. Insufficient information could lead to over-reporting symptoms. Informants could be spouses or employer, as well as other significant person in an adult's life. Averaging is the best method to combine these ratings.

Cognitive testing is an essential element in diagnosing adhd self assessment test in adults. It improves the precision of the assessment battery. It is particularly useful in monitoring treatment reactions. Research has proven that cognitive testing coupled with ADHD behavior rating scales are more effective than relying solely on one.

Adults suffering from ADHD often have difficulties understanding the root of their behavior problems. In the end, the diagnosis of their condition could be elusive. Research has revealed that some the symptoms that are most effective in identifying adults with ADHD are those that are connected to memory and concentration.

Adults suffering from ADHD have a higher incidence of comorbidities than children. Research has shown that comorbidities can affect the subjective symptoms. Future studies should study the effects of medication and psychological disorders that are comorbid.

There has been a lot of research conducted regarding the reliability and accuracy of scales for behavioral ratings used to identify ADHD in adults. One study found that the DIVA and the BAARS-IV were the most precise. However these instruments are subjective. Researchers suggest that it is important to get these ratings from experts.

A structured clinical interview is a perfect method to evaluate adults suffering from ADHD. It not only collects standard questions, but also modules that evaluate the development of the child as well as symptomatology in accordance with DSM criteria.

Neuropsychological and psychological testing

The tests of psychological and neuropsychological testing to evaluate ADHD for adults can be useful tools. These tests can help diagnose neurological problems or brain disorders and offer guidance on treatment plans.

Psychological tests are used to determine various mental functions and behavior. They can also be used in diagnosing developmental and learning disabilities. The results of these tests can be compared with those of normal people of the same age.

A neuropsychological examination is a standardized, comprehensive test of the brain, which measures various mental functions. This type of testing is usually conducted by a professional, like a psychiatrist or psychologist. Most tests involve answering questions and completing tasks on computers.

Psychological tests can measure intelligence, such as memory and reasoning skills in addition to other aspects like attention and multitasking. These types of tests are designed to gauge cognitive ability without injury. People can have cognitive problems if they have a neurologic condition, injury, or other conditions. This could lead to cognitive changes.

Adult ADHD tests may include tests of memory, attention, language, or other abilities. These tests are used to distinguish between people with disabilities and healthy ones. Typically, ADHD patients are more distracted than healthy adults, particularly when working with tasks that require sustained concentration and abstract problem solving.

Psychological and neuropsychological testing to assess adult adhd assessment cost uk is often used to help find an accurate diagnosis of the disorder. This is due to the fact that ADHD symptoms are mostly neurocognitive in nature. Some of the symptoms are difficulty with short-term memory and verbal processing. It is important to keep in mind that these are just core symptoms of the disorder.

The results of neuropsychological and psychological tests for assessing ADHD in adults can be used in the development of treatment plans and create an intervention strategy. Results are written up in an individual report that includes a description the symptoms and treatment suggestions, as well as the recommendation for further investigation. Based on the results of the test the health professional may conduct additional tests to screen for other conditions.

A one-on one assessment for ADHD in adults takes place. During the evaluation the psychologist who is trained analyzes a patient's medical history as well as developmental milestones and behavior. The psychologist also discusses with the patient his or her concerns and offers recommendations for treatment.