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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as What do people really mean when they speak in terms?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It's in opposition to idealism, the notion that you must abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language interact and [https://images.google.com.na/url?q=http://www.stes.tyc.edu.tw/xoops/modules/profile/userinfo.php?uid=2212885 프라그마틱 무료스핀] communicate with each with one another. It is typically thought of as a part of the language, although it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics studies what the user is trying to convey, not what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research area,  [http://daoqiao.net/copydog/home.php?mod=space&uid=1792993 프라그마틱 홈페이지] 순위 ([http://wuyuebanzou.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1106981 relevant web page]) pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic area of study within linguistics but it also has an impact on research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which focuses on the notion of intention and how it relates to the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a wide range topics, such as pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students,  [https://lovebookmark.date/story.php?title=15-amazing-facts-about-pragmatic-kr-8 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법] and the importance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It is also applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed various methods, 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 ([https://www.google.co.bw/url?q=https://www.metooo.com/u/66edab95b6d67d6d178a0dc4 www.google.co.bw]) from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top performers in the field of pragmatics research. However, their rank differs based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics solely according to the number of publications they have published. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. For example, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics concentrates on the contexts and users of language use rather than focusing on reference grammar, truth, or. It focuses on the ways in which an phrase can be interpreted as meaning different things from different contexts, including those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one however, there is much debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a discipline in its own right and should be treated as an independent part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics and more. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be considered part of the philosophy of language since it focuses on the ways that our beliefs about the meaning and uses of language influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies how people perceive and use the language, without necessarily referring to facts about what was actually said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that this study should be considered a field in its own right since it examines the manner the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in greater depth. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. Both are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the overall meaning of an expression.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to linguistic meaning. It examines the way the human language is utilized in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics.<br><br>A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of the speaker. Relevance Theory for instance, focuses on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been combined with other disciplines like cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also divergent views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He states that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects which they may or not denote, while pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They claim that semantics is already determining some of the pragmatics of an utterance, while other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same phrase could have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things like indexicality and ambiguity. Other things that can change the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, [https://glamorouslengths.com/author/foodiron4/ 프라그마틱 무료스핀] speaker intentions and beliefs, and the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is because each culture has its own rules for what is acceptable in various situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. There are a variety of areas of research, such as pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatism, intercultural and cross pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is linked to other areas of study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in various directions that include computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a variety of research, which focuses on issues like lexical characteristics and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatism one of the most important issues is whether it is possible to give a precise and systematic explanation of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have claimed that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they are the identical.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is usually a back and forth affair and scholars arguing that particular instances fall under the rubric of semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars believe that if a statement carries a literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one among many ways that the utterance may be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This is commonly referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as compared to other plausible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses questions such as: What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on sensible and practical actions. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language interact and communicate with one with one another. It is typically thought of as a component of language however, it differs from semantics because pragmatics examines what the user is trying to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research field it is still young and its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades. It is a language academic field but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics, and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which focuses on the notion of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are also perspectives on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has been focused on a variety of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics based on their publications only. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language use, rather than on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on how one word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that hearers use to determine whether utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and long-established one There is a lot of debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, while others argue that this kind of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered a branch of linguistics or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics alongside the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it examines how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages work.<br><br>There are several key issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. For instance, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not a subject in its own right because it examines the ways people interpret and [https://bookmarkity.com/story18367005/12-companies-leading-the-way-in-pragmatic-image 프라그마틱 정품] use language without necessarily using any data regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right because it examines the way the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are issues that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment, which are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the meaning of a statement.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been combined with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on factors like indexicality or [https://bookmarkunit.com/story18171704/do-you-know-how-to-explain-pragmatic-kr-to-your-boss 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트] ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. It is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. For instance, it is polite in some cultures to keep eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being conducted in the field. Some of the most important areas of study are: formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by language in context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics has developed in many different directions. These include computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the significance of lexical characteristics, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatism one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined and that they're the same.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions and argue that certain events fall under either pragmatics or [https://explorebookmarks.com/story18227099/5-laws-that-anyone-working-in-pragmatic-free-game-should-be-aware-of 프라그마틱 홈페이지] [https://linkedbookmarker.com/story3682607/why-we-why-we-pragmatic-game-and-you-should-too 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] 사이트 ([https://bookmarkpressure.com/ https://Bookmarkpressure.Com]) semantics. For instance some scholars believe that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics. On the other hand, others believe that the fact that a statement may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which the expression can be understood,  [https://bookmarking1.com/story18288149/pragmatic-return-rate-tools-to-streamline-your-daily-lifethe-one-pragmatic-return-rate-trick-that-everybody-should-learn 프라그마틱 무료게임] and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 05:37, 20 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses questions such as: What do people mean by the words they use?

It's a philosophy that focuses on sensible and practical actions. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language interact and communicate with one with one another. It is typically thought of as a component of language however, it differs from semantics because pragmatics examines what the user is trying to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.

As a research field it is still young and its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades. It is a language academic field but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics, and the field of anthropology.

There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which focuses on the notion of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are also perspectives on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.

The study of pragmatics has been focused on a variety of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics based on their publications only. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language use, rather than on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on how one word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that hearers use to determine whether utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and long-established one There is a lot of debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, while others argue that this kind of problem should be treated as pragmatic.

Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered a branch of linguistics or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics alongside the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it examines how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages work.

There are several key issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. For instance, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not a subject in its own right because it examines the ways people interpret and 프라그마틱 정품 use language without necessarily using any data regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right because it examines the way the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are issues that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment, which are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the meaning of a statement.

What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.

Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been combined with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.

There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on factors like indexicality or 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트 ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a word.

A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. It is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. For instance, it is polite in some cultures to keep eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.

There are many different views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being conducted in the field. Some of the most important areas of study are: formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; clinical and experimental pragmatics.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by language in context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.

In recent times the field of pragmatics has developed in many different directions. These include computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the significance of lexical characteristics, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.

In the philosophical debate on pragmatism one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined and that they're the same.

It is not uncommon for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions and argue that certain events fall under either pragmatics or 프라그마틱 홈페이지 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 사이트 (https://Bookmarkpressure.Com) semantics. For instance some scholars believe that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics. On the other hand, others believe that the fact that a statement may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which the expression can be understood, 프라그마틱 무료게임 and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often called "far-side pragmatics".

Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.