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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses questions such as: What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on sensible and practical actions. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language interact and communicate with one with one another. It is typically thought of as a component of language however, it differs from semantics because pragmatics examines what the user is trying to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research field it is still young and its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades. It is a language academic field but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics, and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which focuses on the notion of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are also perspectives on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has been focused on a variety of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics based on their publications only. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language use, rather than on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on how one word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that hearers use to determine whether utterances are intended to be communicated. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and long-established one There is a lot of debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, while others argue that this kind of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered a branch of linguistics or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics alongside the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it examines how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages work.<br><br>There are several key issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. For instance, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not a subject in its own right because it examines the ways people interpret and  [https://bookmarkity.com/story18367005/12-companies-leading-the-way-in-pragmatic-image 프라그마틱 정품] use language without necessarily using any data regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right because it examines the way the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are issues that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment, which are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the meaning of a statement.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been combined with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on factors like indexicality or  [https://bookmarkunit.com/story18171704/do-you-know-how-to-explain-pragmatic-kr-to-your-boss 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트] ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. It is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. For instance, it is polite in some cultures to keep eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being conducted in the field. Some of the most important areas of study are: formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by language in context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics has developed in many different directions. These include computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the significance of lexical characteristics, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatism one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined and that they're the same.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions and argue that certain events fall under either pragmatics or  [https://explorebookmarks.com/story18227099/5-laws-that-anyone-working-in-pragmatic-free-game-should-be-aware-of 프라그마틱 홈페이지] [https://linkedbookmarker.com/story3682607/why-we-why-we-pragmatic-game-and-you-should-too 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] 사이트 ([https://bookmarkpressure.com/ https://Bookmarkpressure.Com]) semantics. For instance some scholars believe that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics. On the other hand, others believe that the fact that a statement may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which the expression can be understood,  [https://bookmarking1.com/story18288149/pragmatic-return-rate-tools-to-streamline-your-daily-lifethe-one-pragmatic-return-rate-trick-that-everybody-should-learn 프라그마틱 무료게임] and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It poses questions such as What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable action. It differs from idealism, which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak find meaning from and each other. It is typically thought of as a part of language however, 라이브 카지노 ([https://daugherty-akhtar-5.technetbloggers.de/where-will-live-casino-be-1-year-from-now/ daugherty-akhtar-5.technetbloggers.de]) it differs from semantics in that pragmatics examines what the user intends to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research area it is comparatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the last few decades. It is primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its growth and development. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which is focused on the concept of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a vast range of subjects, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, and the importance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is because pragmatics is a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics based on the number of publications they have. It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language use instead of focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It examines the ways in which an phrase can be understood to mean different things in different contexts and also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction is well-known, it is not always clear how they should be drawn. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and  [https://tomatoport3.werite.net/the-history-of-pragmatic-free-trial-in-10-milestones 프라그마틱 슬롯체험] should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics, [https://peatix.com/user/23897209 프라그마틱 슬롯체험] etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language since it deals with the ways in which our ideas about the meaning and use of language affect our theories of how languages work.<br><br>There are several key issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself since it studies how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right since it examines the way the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances and the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in the sentence. These are issues that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the overall meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It evaluates how human language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines, such as cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also differing opinions regarding the boundaries between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, like Morris believes that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct subjects. He states that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they could or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, [https://jisuzm.tv/home.php?mod=space&uid=5358369 프라그마틱 정품확인방법] including Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They claim that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same phrase could have different meanings in different contexts, based on factors such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other things that can change the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because each culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to keep eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being done in the field. There are many different areas of study, including formal and computational pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>How is free Pragmatics similar to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by language in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics such as semantics, syntax and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times, the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language, and meaning.<br><br>One of the major issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to provide an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear, and that they are the same.<br><br>The debate over these positions is usually an ongoing debate scholars argue that particular phenomena fall under the rubric of either pragmatics or semantics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, [https://funsilo.date/wiki/The_3_Greatest_Moments_In_Pragmatic_Genuine_History 프라그마틱 정품] 슬롯 하는법 ([https://xypid.win/story.php?title=15-of-the-top-pragmatic-free-slots-bloggers-you-must-follow Xypid.Win]) whereas others argue that the fact that an utterance may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different approach in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one among many ways that the utterance may be interpreted and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to combine semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words by illustrating the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will entertain many possible exhausted parses of a speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust compared to other plausible implications.

Revision as of 06:03, 20 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It poses questions such as What do people really think when they use words?

It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable action. It differs from idealism, which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles regardless of what.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak find meaning from and each other. It is typically thought of as a part of language however, 라이브 카지노 (daugherty-akhtar-5.technetbloggers.de) it differs from semantics in that pragmatics examines what the user intends to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.

As a research area it is comparatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the last few decades. It is primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.

There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its growth and development. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which is focused on the concept of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.

The study of pragmatics has covered a vast range of subjects, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, and the importance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is because pragmatics is a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics based on the number of publications they have. It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language use instead of focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It examines the ways in which an phrase can be understood to mean different things in different contexts and also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction is well-known, it is not always clear how they should be drawn. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic problem.

Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and 프라그마틱 슬롯체험 should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics, 프라그마틱 슬롯체험 etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language since it deals with the ways in which our ideas about the meaning and use of language affect our theories of how languages work.

There are several key issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself since it studies how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right since it examines the way the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances and the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in the sentence. These are issues that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the overall meaning of an utterance.

What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It evaluates how human language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines, such as cognitive science or philosophy.

There are also differing opinions regarding the boundaries between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, like Morris believes that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct subjects. He states that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they could or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers, 프라그마틱 정품확인방법 including Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They claim that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same phrase could have different meanings in different contexts, based on factors such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other things that can change the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because each culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to keep eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.

There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being done in the field. There are many different areas of study, including formal and computational pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and clinical and experimentative pragmatics.

How is free Pragmatics similar to explanation Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by language in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics such as semantics, syntax and the philosophy of language.

In recent times, the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language, and meaning.

One of the major issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to provide an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear, and that they are the same.

The debate over these positions is usually an ongoing debate scholars argue that particular phenomena fall under the rubric of either pragmatics or semantics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, 프라그마틱 정품 슬롯 하는법 (Xypid.Win) whereas others argue that the fact that an utterance may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different approach in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one among many ways that the utterance may be interpreted and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is often described as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent research in pragmatics has sought to combine semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words by illustrating the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will entertain many possible exhausted parses of a speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust compared to other plausible implications.