How Much Do Adhd Assessment Experts Make: Difference between revisions

From VSt Wiki
mNo edit summary
mNo edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
Assessing ADHD in Adults<br><br>It is crucial to examine those suffering from adhd for an accurate diagnosis. This isn't an easy task. There are numerous methods for assessing adhd which include structured clinical interviews, self-report rating scales, and neuropsychological as well as psychological tests. But just because these techniques are widely used doesn't mean that they're simple to carry out.<br><br>Interview with parents and children<br><br>A parent-child interview is an essential part of the evaluation of children with ADHD. It provides valuable information to the physician about the phenomenological and as well being the ecological validity of the child’s symptoms. This information must be complemented with data from other sources to help establish an accurate diagnosis.<br><br>The most important thing to do in an effective interview is to present specific and concrete questions. Be careful not to ask too many questions about parents' personal concerns. Be careful not to take informal observations of the child's behavior as a form of judgement.<br><br>One of the most important criteria for diagnosing ADHD is its widespreadness. A good measure of the pervasiveness of a symptom is CHATTI. It is a simple but efficient tool for assessing the total score of symptom scores reported by teachers.<br><br>Another helpful tool is the questionnaire. Questionnaires are easy to administer and demonstrate high levels of reliability. However, they can also be influenced by biases in the rater.<br><br>While the interview with parents and children is an important part of the assessment and is often criticized [https://weheardit.stream/story.php?title=5-laws-that-can-help-to-improve-the-adhd-diagnosis-assessment-industry getting assessed for adhd] its lack of reliability. Parents may be overwhelmed by the process of assessing their child, and the interview may be a therapeutic experience for them.<br><br>Interviews with parents/children should be accompanied by a thorough clinical assessment. A thorough review of the child's prior records should be carried out. The clinician will gain insight into the child's psychological profile by reviewing the medical and psychoeducational records.<br><br>Other factors that should be considered include the reason of the referral. The child's behavior may suggest that a referral is needed to confirm an ADHD diagnosis. Stress in the family could be a possible cause of symptoms of ADHD.<br><br>An effective interview must include an appropriate blend of standard testing and parent/child interactions. If the examiner is going to conduct an interview with a minority child the examiner should be sure to adhere to cultural standards.<br><br>The most important factor in an interview between a child and parent is the rapport the examiner establishes with parents. A diagnosis can be established if the examiner establishes a rapport with the parent, and also the interview data.<br><br>The interview should be viewed as a positive component of a thorough and precise evaluation of the child's emotional, behavioral, and social strengths and weaknesses. A precise diagnosis will help to determine the child's progress and allow for the best treatment.<br><br>Self-report scales for rating<br><br>Rating scales are useful in diagnosing ADHD in adults. They can be used by health professionals, parents, caregivers, and many others. There are different types of rating scales to choose from, and these can be used to assess the different behavioral signs that are associated with ADHD.<br><br>The Adult Self-Report Scale is a questionnaire that evaluates ADHD in adults. Its v1.1 version contains 18 questions. Part A questions ask participants to assess their symptoms, and Part B questions inquire about the severity of symptoms. These tests have been thoroughly researched and a lot of research has been done on their precision.<br><br>ASRS has a high degree of concurrent validity. Additionally the questions are constructed based on DSM criteria and are designed to detect symptoms of ADHD. The frequency scores show the severity of the symptoms' effect on the patient's daily life.<br><br>Despite the popularity of these tools for testing however, the relationship between their accuracy and actual use of the tests isn't evident. A study found that only 7 percent of children who took executive functions tests, such as the StanfordBinet Test and the Attention Deficit Disorder Test, showed an positive correlation between their scores and the results of the ASRS.<br><br>Divergent results have been observed in research studies that have examined the relationship between ADHD self-report scales and executive function tests. This may be due to the insufficient specificity of the tests themselves. In addition, the results of the ADHD self-report questionnaire have been demonstrated to not correlate with attentional performance or the components of the EF.<br><br>These tests are not perfect, but they can still be used to evaluate the likelihood of someone with ADHD. These tests will show ADHD when the scores are above 60. A question like "How often do your problems with concentration occur?" is a common answer. You will score highly because the answers "Never", "Not Very Often" and "Always," are all negative.<br><br>Certain rating scales may also inquire about other problems, such as depression, that could be a result of ADHD. In fact, a cut-down version of the CDC's checklist to treat depression is available.<br><br>Interview with a structured clinical basis<br><br>In order to establish a diagnosis of [https://pediascape.science/wiki/The_12_Types_Of_Twitter_ADHD_Assessment_UK_Online_Accounts_You_Follow_On_Twitter adhd assessment cost uk] for adults, a psychotherapy interview is the most common method. This method is usually used alongside other tools. These tools include behavioral testing, cognitive testing scales and self-report measures. Combining these diagnostic tools has proven to be more accurate than individual tools.<br><br>In a medical interview the patient will describe their primary symptoms in different settings. Clinicians can assess their impact on daily life and to determine whether the patient has ADHD. They also provide a clearer picture of the patient's issues with specific ADHD symptoms.<br><br>It is crucial to include people who can confirm the patient's history when using ADHD behavior rating systems. In the absence of this, it could result in over-reporting symptoms. Informants could include a spouse or employer, or another significant people in the adult's life. The best way to integrate these ratings is to use an averaging process.<br><br>Cognitive testing is an important element in diagnosing ADHD in adults. It increases the specificity of the assessment battery. It is particularly useful in monitoring the response to treatment. Research has shown that cognitive testing combined with ADHD behavior rating scales are more efficient than relying on one.<br><br>ADHD adults often have difficulty comprehending the reasons behind their behavioral issues. It is often difficult to identify ADHD. Research indicates that some of the symptoms that are most effective in identifying adults suffering from ADHD are those related to concentration and memory.<br><br>[http://www.viewtool.com/bbs/home.php?mod=space&uid=6829901 adhd assessment in uk] adults are more likely to suffer from co-morbidities than ADHD children. Research has shown that comorbidities can affect the subjective symptoms. Future studies should investigate the effects of medications and comorbid psychological conditions.<br><br>There has been a lot of research conducted on the reliability and accuracy of the behavioral rating scales that are used to detect ADHD in adults. One study demonstrated that the DIVA was the most accurate, and the BAARS-IV the least accurate. However these tools are not objective. Researchers suggest that it is important to get these ratings from reliable sources.<br><br>A structured clinical interview is an excellent method to evaluate adults suffering from ADHD. In addition, to having standardized questions, it also contains modules that assess developmental data and symptomatology based on DSM criteria.<br><br>Psychological and neuropsychological tests<br><br>For adults suffering from ADHD Psychological and neuropsychological tests can be extremely useful. These tests can aid in diagnosing brain disorders or neurological injuries and offer guidance on treatment plans.<br><br>Psychological tests evaluate a range of mental functions and behaviors. They can also be used in diagnosing learning disabilities and developmental disabilities. These test results can be compared to those of normal individuals of the same age.<br><br>A neuropsychological test is an established, comprehensive test of the brain that measures different mental functions. This kind of test is usually administered by a professional such as psychiatrist or psychologist. Tests typically involve answering questionnaires as well as performing tasks on the computer.<br><br>Some psychological tests measure intellectual capacities, such as reasoning and memory and other abilities, like multitasking and attention. These kinds of tests are designed to measure cognitive ability without injury. It is possible for a person to have cognitive issues if they suffer from an injury, neurologic issue or other ailments. These can cause cognitive impairment.<br><br>Tests for ADHD in adults may include tests of attention, memory, language, and other capabilities. They [https://espinoza-humphrey-3.blogbright.net/the-unspoken-secrets-of-adhd-assessment-1729622543/ why are adhd assessments so expensive] designed to determine the differences in mental functioning between healthy people and those who have a disability. [https://amlsing.com/space-uid-114034.html adhd assessment uk] Cost ([http://dahannbbs.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1184563 dahannbbs.Com]) patients tend to be more distracted than healthy adults, particularly when they need to concentrate on abstract issues and sustained attention.<br><br>Psychological and neuropsychological testing to assess adult ADHD is commonly employed to aid in determining an exact diagnosis of the disorder. This is due to the fact that ADHD symptoms are mostly neurocognitive in the nature. Symptoms include difficulty with short-term memory as well as verbal processing. It is important to remember that these symptoms are not the basic symptoms of the disorder.<br><br>The results of neuropsychological and psychological tests used to evaluate ADHD in adults can be used to develop treatment plans and intervention plans. The individual report contains an explanation of symptoms, treatment recommendations, as well as recommendations for further investigation. The results of the test may be used to detect other diseases.<br><br>A one-on one assessment for ADHD in adults takes place. A certified clinical psychologist will examine the patient's medical background, developmental milestones and behavior during the test. They also talk to the patient about their issues, and offers suggestions for treatment.
Assessing ADHD in Adults<br><br>Assessing adhd in adults is crucial for the correct diagnosis of the condition, which can be an overwhelming endeavor. There are a variety of methods to conduct assessment which include structured clinical interviews, self-report ratings scales, as well as neuropsychological and psychological testing. But just because these procedures are routine doesn't mean they're easy to implement.<br><br>Interview with parents and children<br><br>The most important aspect of ADHD evaluations is the parent/child interaction. It provides valuable information to the clinician about the phenomenological as the ecological validity of the child's symptoms. This information should be combined with other information to aid in making a correct diagnosis.<br><br>The key to an effective interview is to have specific and concrete questions. Be careful not to ask too many questions about the parents' personal issues. Be careful not to overinterpret informal observations of the child's behavior.<br><br>The most important criterion used to determine ADHD is its widespreadness. CHATTI is a reliable indicator of the extent to which symptoms are prevalent. This tool is simple and reliable in assessing teacher-reported total symptoms scores.<br><br>Another useful tool is the questionnaire. Questionnaires are easy to administer and show high reliability. However, they could be influenced by rater bias.<br><br>Although the interview between parents and children is an important aspect of the evaluation, it can be criticised for its lack of reliability. Parents may be overwhelmed by the process of assessing their child and the interview could be a healing experience for them.<br><br>Interviews with parents and children should be followed by a clinical evaluation. A thorough review of the child's previous records must be conducted. Psychoeducational and medical records, and also previous test results, may give the psychologist insight into the child's psychological profile.<br><br>Other factors that should be considered are the nature of the referral. The child's behavior issues could indicate that a referral is needed for ADHD diagnosis. Stress from family members could be a source of symptoms of ADHD.<br><br>A good interview should include an array of tests that are standard and parent-child interactions. If the examiner is going to conduct an interview with a child of a minority it is imperative that they make every effort to follow the standards of the culture.<br><br>The most crucial element in a parent/child interview is the rapport that the examiner builds with the parent. A diagnosis can be made if the examiner establishes a rapport with the parent as well as the interview data.<br><br>The interview should be seen as a positive element of a thorough and accurate evaluation of the child's emotional social, behavioral, and emotional strengths and weaknesses. An accurate diagnosis can help determine the child's development and provide the most appropriate treatment.<br><br>Self-report scales of rating<br><br>Rating scales can be helpful in diagnosing [https://clinfowiki.win/wiki/Post:15_Terms_That_Everyone_Working_In_The_ADHD_Assessments_Industry_Should_Know psychiatry-uk adhd assessment] in adults. They can be utilized by healthcare professionals, parents, caregivers, and others. There are many scales of assessment that can be used in assessing the behavioral symptoms of ADHD.<br><br>The Adult Self-Report Scale is a questionnaire that evaluates ADHD in adults. Its v1.1 version contains 18 questions. Part A questions ask the subjects to assess their symptoms, and Part B questions inquire about the severity of those symptoms. These tests have been thoroughly examined and extensive research has been conducted on their accuracy.<br><br>ASRS has a high concurrency. The questions are based upon DSM criteria and are designed to detect ADHD symptoms. The frequency scores that are correlated provide clues to the extent of symptom impact on the person's life.<br><br>These tests are extremely popular, yet the correlation between their accuracy as well as the actual diagnostic value of these tests is not apparent. One study found that only 7 percent of children who took an executive function test like the Stanford-Binet Scale or the Attention Deficit Disorder Test, showed a positive relationship between the tests and the results of the ASRS.<br><br>The research on the connection between executive function tests and the ADHD self-report scales has revealed mixed results. This may be due to the lack of specificity of the tests themselves. The ADHD self-report results have not been demonstrated to be correlated with attentional performance, or other components of the EF.<br><br>Although these measures aren't 100% accurate, they are a good way to evaluate the possibility of having ADHD. These tests will reveal ADHD when scores are higher than 60. Typically, the answer to a question like "[https://hikvisiondb.webcam/wiki/Mchughdanielsen4112 how do i get an adhd assessment] often do you have difficulty in concentrating?" You will score positively because the answers "Never", "Not Very Often" and "Always," are all negative.<br><br>Some scales might also inquire about [https://pediascape.science/wiki/Do_Not_Make_This_Blunder_On_Your_Cheap_ADHD_Assessment Adhd evaluation process for Adults]-related problems such as depression. In fact, a cut-down version of the CDC's check list for depression is available.<br><br>Structured clinical interview<br><br>A clinical interview is the most commonly used method of diagnosing ADHD in adults. This method is usually used in conjunction with other tools. These instruments include scales for assessing behavioral ratings cognitive testing, cognitive tests, and self-report measures. Combining these diagnostic tools has proven to be more accurate than the individual tools.<br><br>In a medical interview patients will be asked to describe their main symptoms in different settings. This allows the clinicians to assess the patient's life routine and determine if they suffer from ADHD. They also present a clearer picture of the patient's difficulties with specific ADHD symptoms.<br><br>When integrating ADHD behavior rating scales, it's crucial to include people who can confirm the history of the patient. Failure to do so may cause over-reporting of symptoms. Informants could be a spouse or employer, or another significant person in the adult's life. Averaging is the most effective way to combine these ratings.<br><br>Cognitive testing is an essential element in diagnosing [https://images.google.co.za/url?q=https://fkwiki.win/wiki/Post:10_Key_Factors_On_Cheap_ADHD_Assessment_You_Didnt_Learn_At_School cheap adhd assessment] in adults. It increases the specificity of the assessment battery. It is particularly useful for monitoring treatment responses. Some studies show that the combination of cognitive testing with ADHD behavior rating scales is more effective than relying solely on one or the other.<br><br>Adults suffering from ADHD often have difficulties understanding the cause of their behavioral issues. Therefore, the diagnosis of their condition may be elusive. Research has revealed that some the symptoms that are most effective in identifying people suffering from ADHD are those related to concentration and memory.<br><br>Adults suffering from ADHD are more likely to be victims of comorbid disorders than children. Research has proven that comorbidities can affect subjective symptoms. Future studies should study the effects of medications and psychological disorders that are comorbid.<br><br>There is a wealth of research into the accuracy of scales used to measure behavioral ratings for detecting adults with ADHD. One study found that the DIVA and the BAARS-IV were the most precise. However, these tools are subjective. Researchers suggest that it is important to obtain these ratings from reliable sources.<br><br>A structured clinical interview is a fantastic tool for assessing adults suffering from ADHD. In addition, to having standardized questions, it also contains modules that test the development of information and symptomatology according to DSM criteria.<br><br>Neuropsychological and psychological testing<br><br>Psychological and neuropsychological tests used to assess ADHD in adults could be useful instruments. These tests can aid in diagnosing brain disorders or neurological injuries and provide guidance for treatment strategies.<br><br>Psychological tests are used to determine various mental functions and behavior. They can also be used to determine the presence of developmental disabilities and learning disabilities. These test results can be compared to those of normal individuals of similar age.<br><br>A neuropsychological assessment is a thorough and tested test of the brain, which measures different cognitive functions, is known as a neuropsychological assessment. This type of testing is usually administered by a professional such as psychologist or psychiatrist. Most tests involve answering questions as well as performing tasks on the computer.<br><br>Certain tests in psychology measure cognitive capacities, such as memory and reasoning skills, and other functions, like attention and multitasking. These types of tests [https://www.pdc.edu/?URL=https://dean-sharpe-2.technetbloggers.de/adhd-assessment-a-simple-definition-1729030402 are adhd assessments covered by insurance] designed to measure cognitive abilities without injury. People can have cognitive issues if they have a neurologic condition, injury or other condition. This can lead to cognitive impairment.<br><br>Tests for ADHD for adults could include measures of attention to memory, language, and other abilities. These tests are used to differentiate between people with disabilities and healthy ones. Typically, ADHD patients are more distractible than healthy adults, especially when they are performing tasks that require a lot of focus and abstract problem solving.<br><br>Testing for psychological and neuropsychological tests for assessing adult ADHD is commonly used to help determine an exact diagnosis of the disorder. ADHD symptoms are typically neurocognitive in nature. Some of the symptoms are difficulty with short-term memory and verbal processing. It is important to keep in mind that these are just core symptoms of the disorder.<br><br>The results of psychological and neuropsychological tests used to evaluate ADHD in adults can be used for treatment programs and intervention plans. The results are summarized in an individual report that includes a description of the symptoms, treatment recommendations, and a recommendation for further investigation. Based on the results of the test the health professional might give additional tests to screen for other conditions.<br><br>Comprehensive screening for ADHD in adults is done on an individual basis. A trained clinical psychologist will assess the patient's medical background, developmental milestones and behavior during the evaluation. He or she also speaks to the patient about their concerns, and gives recommendations for treatment.

Revision as of 15:49, 23 December 2024

Assessing ADHD in Adults

Assessing adhd in adults is crucial for the correct diagnosis of the condition, which can be an overwhelming endeavor. There are a variety of methods to conduct assessment which include structured clinical interviews, self-report ratings scales, as well as neuropsychological and psychological testing. But just because these procedures are routine doesn't mean they're easy to implement.

Interview with parents and children

The most important aspect of ADHD evaluations is the parent/child interaction. It provides valuable information to the clinician about the phenomenological as the ecological validity of the child's symptoms. This information should be combined with other information to aid in making a correct diagnosis.

The key to an effective interview is to have specific and concrete questions. Be careful not to ask too many questions about the parents' personal issues. Be careful not to overinterpret informal observations of the child's behavior.

The most important criterion used to determine ADHD is its widespreadness. CHATTI is a reliable indicator of the extent to which symptoms are prevalent. This tool is simple and reliable in assessing teacher-reported total symptoms scores.

Another useful tool is the questionnaire. Questionnaires are easy to administer and show high reliability. However, they could be influenced by rater bias.

Although the interview between parents and children is an important aspect of the evaluation, it can be criticised for its lack of reliability. Parents may be overwhelmed by the process of assessing their child and the interview could be a healing experience for them.

Interviews with parents and children should be followed by a clinical evaluation. A thorough review of the child's previous records must be conducted. Psychoeducational and medical records, and also previous test results, may give the psychologist insight into the child's psychological profile.

Other factors that should be considered are the nature of the referral. The child's behavior issues could indicate that a referral is needed for ADHD diagnosis. Stress from family members could be a source of symptoms of ADHD.

A good interview should include an array of tests that are standard and parent-child interactions. If the examiner is going to conduct an interview with a child of a minority it is imperative that they make every effort to follow the standards of the culture.

The most crucial element in a parent/child interview is the rapport that the examiner builds with the parent. A diagnosis can be made if the examiner establishes a rapport with the parent as well as the interview data.

The interview should be seen as a positive element of a thorough and accurate evaluation of the child's emotional social, behavioral, and emotional strengths and weaknesses. An accurate diagnosis can help determine the child's development and provide the most appropriate treatment.

Self-report scales of rating

Rating scales can be helpful in diagnosing psychiatry-uk adhd assessment in adults. They can be utilized by healthcare professionals, parents, caregivers, and others. There are many scales of assessment that can be used in assessing the behavioral symptoms of ADHD.

The Adult Self-Report Scale is a questionnaire that evaluates ADHD in adults. Its v1.1 version contains 18 questions. Part A questions ask the subjects to assess their symptoms, and Part B questions inquire about the severity of those symptoms. These tests have been thoroughly examined and extensive research has been conducted on their accuracy.

ASRS has a high concurrency. The questions are based upon DSM criteria and are designed to detect ADHD symptoms. The frequency scores that are correlated provide clues to the extent of symptom impact on the person's life.

These tests are extremely popular, yet the correlation between their accuracy as well as the actual diagnostic value of these tests is not apparent. One study found that only 7 percent of children who took an executive function test like the Stanford-Binet Scale or the Attention Deficit Disorder Test, showed a positive relationship between the tests and the results of the ASRS.

The research on the connection between executive function tests and the ADHD self-report scales has revealed mixed results. This may be due to the lack of specificity of the tests themselves. The ADHD self-report results have not been demonstrated to be correlated with attentional performance, or other components of the EF.

Although these measures aren't 100% accurate, they are a good way to evaluate the possibility of having ADHD. These tests will reveal ADHD when scores are higher than 60. Typically, the answer to a question like "how do i get an adhd assessment often do you have difficulty in concentrating?" You will score positively because the answers "Never", "Not Very Often" and "Always," are all negative.

Some scales might also inquire about Adhd evaluation process for Adults-related problems such as depression. In fact, a cut-down version of the CDC's check list for depression is available.

Structured clinical interview

A clinical interview is the most commonly used method of diagnosing ADHD in adults. This method is usually used in conjunction with other tools. These instruments include scales for assessing behavioral ratings cognitive testing, cognitive tests, and self-report measures. Combining these diagnostic tools has proven to be more accurate than the individual tools.

In a medical interview patients will be asked to describe their main symptoms in different settings. This allows the clinicians to assess the patient's life routine and determine if they suffer from ADHD. They also present a clearer picture of the patient's difficulties with specific ADHD symptoms.

When integrating ADHD behavior rating scales, it's crucial to include people who can confirm the history of the patient. Failure to do so may cause over-reporting of symptoms. Informants could be a spouse or employer, or another significant person in the adult's life. Averaging is the most effective way to combine these ratings.

Cognitive testing is an essential element in diagnosing cheap adhd assessment in adults. It increases the specificity of the assessment battery. It is particularly useful for monitoring treatment responses. Some studies show that the combination of cognitive testing with ADHD behavior rating scales is more effective than relying solely on one or the other.

Adults suffering from ADHD often have difficulties understanding the cause of their behavioral issues. Therefore, the diagnosis of their condition may be elusive. Research has revealed that some the symptoms that are most effective in identifying people suffering from ADHD are those related to concentration and memory.

Adults suffering from ADHD are more likely to be victims of comorbid disorders than children. Research has proven that comorbidities can affect subjective symptoms. Future studies should study the effects of medications and psychological disorders that are comorbid.

There is a wealth of research into the accuracy of scales used to measure behavioral ratings for detecting adults with ADHD. One study found that the DIVA and the BAARS-IV were the most precise. However, these tools are subjective. Researchers suggest that it is important to obtain these ratings from reliable sources.

A structured clinical interview is a fantastic tool for assessing adults suffering from ADHD. In addition, to having standardized questions, it also contains modules that test the development of information and symptomatology according to DSM criteria.

Neuropsychological and psychological testing

Psychological and neuropsychological tests used to assess ADHD in adults could be useful instruments. These tests can aid in diagnosing brain disorders or neurological injuries and provide guidance for treatment strategies.

Psychological tests are used to determine various mental functions and behavior. They can also be used to determine the presence of developmental disabilities and learning disabilities. These test results can be compared to those of normal individuals of similar age.

A neuropsychological assessment is a thorough and tested test of the brain, which measures different cognitive functions, is known as a neuropsychological assessment. This type of testing is usually administered by a professional such as psychologist or psychiatrist. Most tests involve answering questions as well as performing tasks on the computer.

Certain tests in psychology measure cognitive capacities, such as memory and reasoning skills, and other functions, like attention and multitasking. These types of tests are adhd assessments covered by insurance designed to measure cognitive abilities without injury. People can have cognitive issues if they have a neurologic condition, injury or other condition. This can lead to cognitive impairment.

Tests for ADHD for adults could include measures of attention to memory, language, and other abilities. These tests are used to differentiate between people with disabilities and healthy ones. Typically, ADHD patients are more distractible than healthy adults, especially when they are performing tasks that require a lot of focus and abstract problem solving.

Testing for psychological and neuropsychological tests for assessing adult ADHD is commonly used to help determine an exact diagnosis of the disorder. ADHD symptoms are typically neurocognitive in nature. Some of the symptoms are difficulty with short-term memory and verbal processing. It is important to keep in mind that these are just core symptoms of the disorder.

The results of psychological and neuropsychological tests used to evaluate ADHD in adults can be used for treatment programs and intervention plans. The results are summarized in an individual report that includes a description of the symptoms, treatment recommendations, and a recommendation for further investigation. Based on the results of the test the health professional might give additional tests to screen for other conditions.

Comprehensive screening for ADHD in adults is done on an individual basis. A trained clinical psychologist will assess the patient's medical background, developmental milestones and behavior during the evaluation. He or she also speaks to the patient about their concerns, and gives recommendations for treatment.