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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between language and context. It addresses issues like What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism which is the idea that one should stick to their principles no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways that people who speak get meaning from and with each one another. It is often thought of as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics in that it concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study it is comparatively new and its research has been growing rapidly in the last few decades. It is a language academic field, but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its development and  [https://samueld880hpr3.loginblogin.com/profile 프라그마틱] growth. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These views have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding and request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, but their rankings differ by database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors based on the number of publications they have. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini for instance, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts such as politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Grice, Saul, and  [https://pragmatic-kr90977.blog2freedom.com/30447639/the-10-most-terrifying-things-about-free-pragmatic 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] 무료체험 [https://frankg893ggv1.mycoolwiki.com/user 프라그마틱 슬롯버프] ([https://pragmatic-kr89000.theideasblog.com/30901250/say-yes-to-these-5-pragmatic-slot-buff-tips Pragmatic-Kr89000.theideasblog.Com]) Kasper are also influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on the ways in which an utterance can be understood to mean different things from different contexts, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also examines the strategies that hearers use to determine which words are meant to be communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known, long-established one There is a lot of controversy regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, while others argue that this kind of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics alongside phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however, have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language because it deals with the ways in which our concepts of the meaning and uses of language affect our theories of how languages function.<br><br>There are a few key issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have fueled many of the debates. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself since it examines the ways people interpret and use language without using any data about what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the study should be considered a discipline in its own right, since it examines the way the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being spoken by an individual speaker in a sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more detail. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the overall meaning of a statement.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of a language. It focuses on how humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the intention of communication of speakers. Others, such as Relevance Theory are focused on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Certain approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deal with the relation of signs to objects which they may or may not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said while far-side focuses on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They argue that semantics is already determining the logical implications of an expression, whereas other pragmatics are determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same phrase can have different meanings in different contexts, based on things such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other things that can change the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in various situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of research, including computational and formal pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatism, intercultural and cross pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated by language in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of the spoken word and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics developed in many different directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. There is a wide range of research that is conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the significance of lexical characteristics, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatism one of the main questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is unclear and that pragmatics and semantics are in fact the same thing.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is often an ongoing debate, with scholars arguing that certain instances are a part of either semantics or  [https://kingslists.com/story19433354/why-everyone-is-talking-about-pragmatic-free-trial-right-now 프라그마틱 무료슬롯] pragmatics. Some scholars argue that if a statement is interpreted with an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is just one of the many ways in which an expression can be understood, and that all of these ways are valid. This is commonly known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side methods. It tries to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by demonstrating the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework,  [https://johsocial.com/story8592997/why-nobody-cares-about-pragmatic-casino 프라그마틱] with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted interpretations of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong in comparison to other possible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context. It asks questions like: What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It differs from idealism which is the belief that one should adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how people who speak a language interact and communicate with each with one another. It is usually thought of as a part of language however, it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey, not what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a field of study, pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields like psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its growth and development. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it affects the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a vast range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and the significance of the theory of mind in physical and [https://www.pdc.edu/?URL=https://kokholm-curry.federatedjournals.com/the-reason-pragmatic-is-quickly-becoming-the-hottest-trend-of-2024 프라그마틱 카지노] mental metaphors. It can also be applied to cultural and social phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely by the quantity of their publications. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts such as conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and  [https://maps.google.com.qa/url?q=https://www.metooo.com/u/66e5241b129f1459ee648d68 프라그마틱 정품] Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics concentrates on the contexts and users of language usage instead of focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on how one phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one however, there is much debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. For instance philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics, while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be considered as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered to be a linguistics branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics along with the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however, have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language because it examines the ways in which our beliefs about the meaning and uses of language affect our theories about how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it studies how people perceive and use the language without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that the study should be considered a field in its own right, since it examines the way the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process, and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes that shape the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines how language is utilized in social interaction, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.<br><br>A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of words by hearers. Some pragmatic approaches have been combined with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and [https://braun-mcnamara-3.blogbright.net/10-things-you-learned-in-kindergarden-that-will-help-you-get-pragmatic-product-authentication/ 프라그마틱 무료체험 슬롯버프] semantics are two different subjects. He asserts semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They claim that semantics determines some of the pragmatics of an expression, whereas other pragmatics are determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same word can have different meanings in different contexts, based on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is acceptable to say in various situations. For instance, it's polite in some cultures to make eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is conducted in this field. There are many different areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics of language, as well as pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How is free Pragmatics similar to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through language in context. It examines the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics, such as syntax, semantics, and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a variety of research that is conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the significance of lexical elements, the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatics, one of the major questions is whether it's possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to debate between these two perspectives and argue that certain events are either pragmatics or semantics. For instance, some scholars argue that if an expression has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, whereas others argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that all interpretations are valid. This method is often called far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches in an effort to comprehend the entire range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by modeling how a speaker's intentions and [http://40.118.145.212/bbs/home.php?mod=space&uid=6495393 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] 홈페이지 ([http://yxhsm.net/home.php?mod=space&uid=240790 Yxhsm.net]) beliefs affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 01:05, 28 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context. It asks questions like: What do people really think when they use words?

It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It differs from idealism which is the belief that one should adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on how people who speak a language interact and communicate with each with one another. It is usually thought of as a part of language however, it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey, not what the meaning actually is.

As a field of study, pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields like psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its growth and development. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it affects the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.

The study of pragmatics has covered a vast range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and the significance of the theory of mind in physical and 프라그마틱 카지노 mental metaphors. It can also be applied to cultural and social phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely by the quantity of their publications. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts such as conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and 프라그마틱 정품 Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics concentrates on the contexts and users of language usage instead of focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on how one phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one however, there is much debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. For instance philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics, while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be considered as a pragmatic problem.

Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered to be a linguistics branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics along with the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however, have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language because it examines the ways in which our beliefs about the meaning and uses of language affect our theories about how languages function.

This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it studies how people perceive and use the language without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that the study should be considered a field in its own right, since it examines the way the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process, and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes that shape the overall meaning an utterance.

What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines how language is utilized in social interaction, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.

A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of words by hearers. Some pragmatic approaches have been combined with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.

There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and 프라그마틱 무료체험 슬롯버프 semantics are two different subjects. He asserts semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They claim that semantics determines some of the pragmatics of an expression, whereas other pragmatics are determined by the pragmatic processes.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same word can have different meanings in different contexts, based on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is acceptable to say in various situations. For instance, it's polite in some cultures to make eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.

There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is conducted in this field. There are many different areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics of language, as well as pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

How is free Pragmatics similar to explanation Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through language in context. It examines the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics, such as syntax, semantics, and philosophy of language.

In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a variety of research that is conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the significance of lexical elements, the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of the concept of meaning.

In the philosophical debate on pragmatics, one of the major questions is whether it's possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the identical.

It is not uncommon for scholars to debate between these two perspectives and argue that certain events are either pragmatics or semantics. For instance, some scholars argue that if an expression has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, whereas others argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that all interpretations are valid. This method is often called far-side pragmatics.

Recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches in an effort to comprehend the entire range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by modeling how a speaker's intentions and 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료 홈페이지 (Yxhsm.net) beliefs affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when in comparison to other possible implicatures.