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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It asks questions like What do people actually mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable action. It's in contrast to idealism, the belief that you must always abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users gain meaning from and each other. It is often seen as a part or language, but it is different from semantics since it is focused on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study it is comparatively new, and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics but it also has an impact on research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this field. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which focuses on the notion of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics,  [https://fatallisto.com/story7976064/seven-reasons-why-pragmatic-genuine-is-important 프라그마틱 무료스핀] including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the significance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on which database is used. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, however their ranking varies by database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors based on their publications only. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language rather than with truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also examines the strategies that hearers use to determine if utterances are intended to be communicative. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature, which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known, long-established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. For example some philosophers have claimed that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have argued that this kind of thing should be treated as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics along with phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it examines the way in which our beliefs about the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>There are a few key issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have fueled many of the debates. For example, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not a subject in its own right because it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this research should be considered an academic discipline since it studies the ways that cultural and social influences influence the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in greater depth. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment, which are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the overall meaning of an expression.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It focuses on how humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intent of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example, focuses on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also divergent opinions regarding the boundaries between pragmatics and semantics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and [https://bookmarkstime.com/story18613457/an-adventure-back-in-time-how-people-talked-about-pragmatic-game-20-years-ago 프라그마틱 무료]; [https://bookmarkinginfo.com/story18277621/an-easy-to-follow-guide-to-choosing-the-right-pragmatic-free-trial-meta Bookmarkinginfo.com], pragmatics are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deals with the relation of words to objects that they could or may not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers,  [https://hyperbookmarks.com/story18290880/10-things-you-ve-learned-about-preschool-that-will-help-you-with-pragmatic-free-slots 프라그마틱 사이트] including Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same phrase could have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things like ambiguity and indexicality. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. It is because every culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to keep eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is conducted in the field. There are many different areas of study, including formal and computational pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It analyzes the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on grammatical features of the utterance instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other linguistics areas, such as semantics, syntax, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in various directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a variety of research in these areas, addressing topics like the importance of lexical features as well as the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatism, one of the major questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and [https://pr8bookmarks.com/story18373507/what-is-pragmatic-free-trial-meta-and-why-is-everyone-talking-about-it 프라그마틱 정품확인방법] 추천 ([https://pragmatickorea43322.angelinsblog.com/29891864/10-wrong-answers-for-common-live-casino-questions-do-you-know-the-right-ones visit this weblink]) systematic analysis of the interface between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have claimed that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is unclear and that pragmatics and semantics are really the same thing.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to argue back and forth between these two views, arguing that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. For example, some scholars argue that if an expression has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one of many ways in which the word can be interpreted and that all of these ways are valid. This is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to combine semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain many possible exhausted parses of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and this is why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong when compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between context and language. It addresses issues such as What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism, the belief that you must always abide to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users get meaning from and with each one another. It is often viewed as a part of language however, it differs from semantics because pragmatics studies what the user wants to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field, but it has also influenced research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics, and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a wide range of subjects, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students,  [https://maps.google.com.lb/url?q=https://telegra.ph/10-Essentials-Regarding-Slot-You-Didnt-Learn-At-School-09-15 프라그마틱 정품 사이트] [https://qooh.me/pyjamasupply8 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험]버프 ([http://hl0803.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=185066 http://hl0803.Com]) and the importance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It can also be applied to cultural and social phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, but their positions differ based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the best pragmatics authors solely based on the number of their publications. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts such as politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on how one utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine which phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction is well-known, it is not always clear where the lines should be drawn. For example, some philosophers have argued that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics. Others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories on how languages work.<br><br>There are a few key issues in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate. Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline by itself because it studies how people perceive and use language without necessarily referring back to facts about what actually was said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study should be considered as an independent discipline because it examines how cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use language. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the way we think about the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are the issues addressed in greater detail in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of a statement.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how context affects linguistic meaning. It studies the way that human language is used during social interactions and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intention of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by hearers. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of views on the borderline between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They claim that semantics determines the logical implications of an expression, whereas other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse,  [https://olderworkers.com.au/author/citmb62ca4-claychoen-top/ 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프] 슬롯 하는법 ([https://kingranks.com/author/piscespen55-1047879/ https://kingranks.Com/author/piscespen55-1047879/]) speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is appropriate to say in different situations. In some cultures, it's polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and [http://ezproxy.cityu.edu.hk/login?url=https://schulz-swain.mdwrite.net/the-top-reasons-people-succeed-in-the-pragmatic-game-industry-1726505682 무료 프라그마틱] a lot of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of research include computational and formal pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated through language in context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics such as syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a broad range of research that addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interaction between discourse, language, and meaning.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to have an exhaustive, systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have claimed it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not well-defined and that they're the identical.<br><br>The debate between these positions is usually an ongoing debate, with scholars arguing that particular events are a part of either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars argue that if a statement carries the literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one of many ways that the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This approach is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine both approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so strong when compared to other plausible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 14:15, 5 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between context and language. It addresses issues such as What do people mean by the words they use?

It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism, the belief that you must always abide to your convictions.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users get meaning from and with each one another. It is often viewed as a part of language however, it differs from semantics because pragmatics studies what the user wants to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.

As a research field the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field, but it has also influenced research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics, and the field of anthropology.

There are a variety of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.

The study of pragmatics has covered a wide range of subjects, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, 프라그마틱 정품 사이트 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험버프 (http://hl0803.Com) and the importance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It can also be applied to cultural and social phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, but their positions differ based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to determine the best pragmatics authors solely based on the number of their publications. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts such as politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on how one utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine which phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction is well-known, it is not always clear where the lines should be drawn. For example, some philosophers have argued that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics. Others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic issue.

Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories on how languages work.

There are a few key issues in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate. Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline by itself because it studies how people perceive and use language without necessarily referring back to facts about what actually was said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study should be considered as an independent discipline because it examines how cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use language. This is called near-side pragmatics.

Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the way we think about the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are the issues addressed in greater detail in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of a statement.

What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines how context affects linguistic meaning. It studies the way that human language is used during social interactions and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics.

Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intention of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by hearers. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.

There are also a variety of views on the borderline between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.

Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They claim that semantics determines the logical implications of an expression, whereas other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프 슬롯 하는법 (https://kingranks.Com/author/piscespen55-1047879/) speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as expectations of the listener.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is appropriate to say in different situations. In some cultures, it's polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and 무료 프라그마틱 a lot of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of research include computational and formal pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.

How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated through language in context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics such as syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a broad range of research that addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interaction between discourse, language, and meaning.

One of the most important issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to have an exhaustive, systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have claimed it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not well-defined and that they're the identical.

The debate between these positions is usually an ongoing debate, with scholars arguing that particular events are a part of either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars argue that if a statement carries the literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one of many ways that the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This approach is often known as far-side pragmatics.

Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine both approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so strong when compared to other plausible implicatures.