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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It deals with questions such as: What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable actions. It differs from idealism, which is the belief that one should adhere to their principles regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users find meaning from and each one another. It is usually thought of as a part of language however it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics examines what the user intends to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic area of study within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its development and growth. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has focused on a variety of topics such as L2 pragmatic understanding and production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on the database utilized. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors based on the number of publications they have. It is possible to identify influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini for  [http://tongcheng.jingjincloud.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=157550 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬] instance, has contributed to pragmatics through concepts such as politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the contexts and users of language use instead of focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It examines the ways in which an utterance can be interpreted as meaning different things from different contexts and also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that listeners employ to determine which words are meant to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely recognized, it's not always clear how they should be drawn. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, while others insist that this particular issue should be viewed as pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a field in its own right and should be treated as distinct from the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it examines how our notions of meaning and uses of languages influence our theories about how languages work.<br><br>There are several key issues in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate. Some scholars have argued, for example, that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it examines how people interpret and [http://tongcheng.jingjincloud.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=168670 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] use the language without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that this study should be considered a field in its own right because it examines the ways the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and [https://www.metooo.it/u/66e1500cf2059b59ef2f0036 프라그마틱 무료슬롯] social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being said by the speaker in a particular sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in more detail. Both papers discuss the notions the concept of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that help shape the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It studies the way that humans use language in social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is focused on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines, such as philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also differing opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two different subjects. He says that semantics deal with the relation of words to objects they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something. They argue that semantics determines the logical implications of a statement, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single utterance could have different meanings based on the context, such as indexicality or ambiguity. Other things that can change the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, 프라그마틱 플레이; [https://qooh.me/dryeregg6 Highly recommended Site], speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is due to different cultures having different rules for what is acceptable to say in different situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to keep eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is conducted in the field. There are a variety of areas of research, such as formal and  [https://bookmark4you.win/story.php?title=25-surprising-facts-about-live-casino 프라그마틱 슬롯버프] computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatism, intercultural and cross pragmatics of language, as well as pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated through language in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure that is used in the speech and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics, such as semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research, which focuses on issues like lexical characteristics and the interaction between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatism one of the main issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is ill-defined and that pragmatics and semantics are in fact the same thing.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate back and forth between these two views and argue that certain events fall under either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars believe that if a statement is interpreted with the literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others contend that the possibility that a statement may be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways in which an expression can be understood and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far-side approaches trying to understand the entire range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that the listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It addresses issues such as what do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophies of practical and sensible action. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you should always stick to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with one with one another. It is usually thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics in that pragmatics studies what the user is trying to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics academic field however, it has also affected research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its development and growth. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which is focused on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. The lexical and concept perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have studied.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a vast variety of topics, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to cultural and social phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, but their rankings differ by database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the number of publications they have published. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics with concepts such as conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine whether words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and long-established one There is much debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, whereas other insist that this particular issue should be viewed as pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a discipline in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered a distinct part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics and more. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy because it deals with how our ideas about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories on how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a handful of questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have argued, for example, that pragmatics isn't a discipline by itself because it studies how people perceive and use the language without necessarily referring to the facts about what was actually said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right since it examines the way in which the meaning and usage of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. Both are important pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of a language. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory,  [https://socialwebnotes.com/story3745903/ten-taboos-about-pragmatic-recommendations-you-should-not-share-on-twitter 프라그마틱 슬롯무료] 정품 확인법 ([https://pragmatic24555.wannawiki.com/189694/12_companies_leading_the_way_in_pragmatic_slots_experience Https://Pragmatic24555.Wannawiki.Com]) for example is a study of the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been incorporated together with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, like Morris believes that pragmatics and  [https://livebackpage.com/story3604948/what-experts-in-the-field-want-you-to-know 프라그마틱 순위] 슬롯 환수율 ([https://bookmarkeasier.com/ straight from the source]) semantics are two distinct subjects. He says that semantics deals with the relation of words to objects that they could or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' in an expression are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that the same word can mean different things in different contexts, depending on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. This is because each culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to keep eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. Some of the most important areas of research are formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It analyzes the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax, or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in a variety of directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research in these areas, which address issues such as the significance of lexical features as well as the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the major issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined, and that they are the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to go between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, [https://michaele204rfh8.blogdun.com/profile 무료슬롯 프라그마틱] 정품확인 ([https://pragmatickr64208.theblogfairy.com/29895695/10-facebook-pages-that-are-the-best-of-all-time-about-pragmatic-free-slot-buff pragmatickr64208.theblogfairy.com]) it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which an word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far-side approaches in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified parses of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 15:24, 7 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It addresses issues such as what do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a philosophies of practical and sensible action. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you should always stick to your convictions.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with one with one another. It is usually thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics in that pragmatics studies what the user is trying to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.

As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics academic field however, it has also affected research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology and the field of anthropology.

There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its development and growth. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which is focused on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. The lexical and concept perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have studied.

The study of pragmatics has covered a vast variety of topics, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to cultural and social phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, but their rankings differ by database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the number of publications they have published. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics with concepts such as conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine whether words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and long-established one There is much debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, whereas other insist that this particular issue should be viewed as pragmatic.

Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a discipline in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered a distinct part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics and more. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy because it deals with how our ideas about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories on how languages function.

This debate has been fueled by a handful of questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have argued, for example, that pragmatics isn't a discipline by itself because it studies how people perceive and use the language without necessarily referring to the facts about what was actually said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right since it examines the way in which the meaning and usage of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. Both are important pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the meaning of an utterance.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of a language. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics.

Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory, 프라그마틱 슬롯무료 정품 확인법 (Https://Pragmatic24555.Wannawiki.Com) for example is a study of the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been incorporated together with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.

There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, like Morris believes that pragmatics and 프라그마틱 순위 슬롯 환수율 (straight from the source) semantics are two distinct subjects. He says that semantics deals with the relation of words to objects that they could or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' in an expression are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that the same word can mean different things in different contexts, depending on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a phrase.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. This is because each culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to keep eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. Some of the most important areas of research are formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It analyzes the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax, or the philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in a variety of directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research in these areas, which address issues such as the significance of lexical features as well as the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the major issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined, and that they are the identical.

It is not uncommon for scholars to go between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, 무료슬롯 프라그마틱 정품확인 (pragmatickr64208.theblogfairy.com) it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which an word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".

Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far-side approaches in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified parses of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when in comparison to other possible implicatures.